...is not new: Adam Smith reflected upon the desirability of schoolmasters being paid by the clientele, "the master being partly, but not wholly paid by the...principally paid by it, he would soon learn to neglect his business" (Smith, 1811). Exchange in education, often in the form of competition, can be seen or engineered...

...vouchers, at least since Adam Smith (1976/ 1776, bk. 5, ch. 1, art. 2), who emphasized the importance of "the master being partly, but not wholly, paid by...principally, paid by it, he would soon learn to neglect his business," a view shared by Thomas Paine (1984/1792, pt. 2) and revived by Friedman (1962). Theoretical...

...offer to this contradiction was the establishment of 'little school[s]' in each parish or district, 'where children may be taught for a reward so moderate, that even a common labourer may afford it' (ibid., p. 306). Smith thought that great inequality and class conflicts were unavoidable in a society...

..."read, write, and account" before they had to start work, favored the model of Scottish parish schools, "where children may be taught for a reward so moderate,...the master being partly, but not wholly paid by the publick; because, if he was wholly, or even principally paid by it, he would soon learn to neglect...

...district a little school, where children maybe taught for a reward so moderate, that even a common laborer may afford it; the master being partly, but not wholly,...principally, paid by it, he would soon learn to neglect his business. In Scotland, the establishment of such parish schools has taught almost the whole common...

...of acquiring [the] most essential parts of education ... by establishing in every parish or district a little school, where children may be taught for...moderate, that even a common labourer may afford it" ( WN ¥.1X54-55, 785). This proposal, which is modeled on the innovative parish schools of Scotland,...

...reads strange. The public can facilitate this acquisition by establishing in every parish or district a little school, where children may be taught for...afford it; the master being partly but not wholly, or even principally paid by the public; because if he was wholly, or even principally paid by it, he...

...education. " The public can facilitate this acquisition by establishing in every parish or district a little school, where children may be taught for a reward so moderate, that even a common labourer 1 See Puffendorf ' s Law of Nations (Basil Kennet's translation, 3rd ed. 1717), Bk. vi. o. 2, § 12...