"CHAPTER 1. DECLARATION, FINDINGS, AND PURPOSE

"SECTION 1. DECLARATION.-Atomic energy is capable of application

for peaceful as well as military purposes. It is therefore declared to Policy of U. S. be the policy of the United States that

"a. the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to make the maximum contribution to the general welfare, subject at all times to the paramount objective of making the maximum contribution to the common defense and security; and

"b. the development, use, and control of atomic energy shall be directed so as to promote world peace, improve the general welfare, increase the standard of living, and strengthen free competition in private enterprise.

"SEC. 2. FINDINGS.-The Congress of the United States hereby makes the following findings concerning the development, use, and control of atomic energy:

"a. The development, utilization, and control of atomic energy for military and for all other purposes are vital to the common defense and security.

"b. In permitting the property of the United States to be used by others, such use must be regulated in the national interest and in order to provide for the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public.

"c. The processing and utilization of source, byproduct, and special nuclear material affect interstate and foreign commerce and must be regulated in the national interest.

d. The processing and utilization of source, byproduct, and special nuclear material must be regulated in the national interest and in order to provide for the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public.

All 68 Stat. 922.

Programs.

"Agency of the US.

"Agreement for cooperation."

"e. Source and special nuclear material, production facilities, and utilization facilities are affected with the public interest, and regulation by the United States of the production and utilization of atomic energy and of the facilities used in connection therewith is necessary in the national interest to assure the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public.

"f. The necessity for protection against possible interstate damage occurring from the operation of facilities for the production or utilization of source or special nuclear material places the operation of those facilities in interstate commerce for the purposes of this Act.

"g. Funds of the United States may be provided for the development and use of atomic energy under conditions which will provide for the common defense and security and promote the general welfare.

"h. It is essential to the common defense and security that title to all special nuclear material be in the United States while such special nuclear material is within the United States.

"SEC. 3. PURPOSE.-It is the purpose of this Act to effectuate the policies set forth above by providing for

"a. a program of conducting, assisting, and fostering research and development in order to encourage maximum scientific and industrial progress;

"b. a program for the dissemination of unclassified scientific and technical information and for the control, dissemination, and declassification of Restricted Data, subject to appropriate safeguards, so as to encourage scientific and industrial progress;

"c. a program for Government control of the possession, use, and production of atomic energy and special nuclear material so directed as to make the maximum contribution to the common defense and security and the national welfare;

"d. a program to encourage widespread participation in the development and utilization of atomic energy for peaceful purposes to the maximum extent consistent with the common defense and security and with the health and safety of the public;

"e. a program of international cooperation to promote the common defense and security and to make available to cooperating nations the benefits of peaceful applications of atomic energy as widely as expanding technology and considerations of the common defense and security will permit; and

"f. a program of administration which will be consistent with the foregoing policies and programs, with international arrangements, and with agreements for cooperation, which will enable the Congress to be currently informed so as to take further legislative action as may be appropriate.

"CHAPTER 2. DEFINITIONS

"SEC. 11. DEFINITIONS.-The intent of Congress in the definitions as given in this section should be construed from the words or phrases used in the definitions. As used in this Act:

"a. The term 'agency of the United States' means the executive branch of the United States, or any Government agency, or the legis lative branch of the United States, or any agency, committee, commission, office, or other establishment in the legislative branch, or the judicial branch of the United States, or any office, agency, committee, commission, or other establishment in the judicial branch.

"b. The term 'agreement for cooperation' means any agreement with another nation or regional defense organization, authorized or permitted by sections 54, 57, 64, 82, 103, 104, or 144, and made pursuant to section 123.

All 68 Stat. 923.

"c. The term 'atomic energy' means all forms of energy released in "Atomic energy." the course of nuclear fission or nuclear transformation.

"d. The term "atomic weapon' means any device utilizing atomic "Atomic weapon." energy, exclusive of the means for transporting or propeÏling the device (where such means is a separable and divisible part of the device), the principal purpose of which is for use as, or for development of, a weapon, a weapon prototype, or a weapon test device.

"e. The term 'byproduct material' means any radioactive material "Byproduct (except special nuclear material) yielded in or made radioactive by materials." exposure to the radiation incident to the process of producing or

utilizing special nuclear material.

"f. The term 'Commission' means the Atomic Energy Commission. "Commission." "g. The term 'common defense and security' means the common

defense and security of the United States.

"h. The term 'defense information' means any information in any "Defense informacategory determined by any Government agency authorized to classify tion." information, as being information respecting, relating to, or affecting

the national defense.

"i. The term 'design' means (1) specifications, plans, drawings, "Design." blueprints, and other items of like nature; (2) the information contained therein; or (3) the research and development data pertinent

to the information contained therein.

"j. The term 'Government agency' means any executive depart. "Government ment, commission, independent establishment, corporation, wholly or agenoy." partly owned by the United States of America which is an instrumentality of the United States, or any board, bureau, division, service, office, officer, authority, administration, or other establishment in the

executive branch of the Government.

"k. The term 'international arrangement' means any international "International aragreement hereafter approved by the Congress or any treaty during rangement." the time such agreement or treaty is in full force and effect, but does

not include any agreement for cooperation.

"1. The term Joint Committee means the Joint Committee on "Joint Committee." Atomic Energy.

"m. The term 'operator' means any individual who manipulates "Operator." the controls of a utilization or production facility.

"n. The term 'person' means (1) any individual, corporation, part- "Person." nership, firm, association, trust, estate, public or private institution, group, Government agency other than the Commission, any State or any political subdivision of, or any political entity within a State, any foreign government or nation or any political subdivision of any such government or nation, or other entity; and (2) any legal successor, representative, agent, or agency of the foregoing.

"o. The term produce', when used in relation to special nuclear "Produce." material, means (1) to manufacture, make, produce, or refine special nuclear material; (2) to separate special nuclear material from other substances in which such material may be contained; or (3) to make or to produce new special nuclear material.

"p. The term 'production facility' means (1) any equipment or "Production device determined by rule of the Commission to be capable of the pro- facility." duction of special nuclear material in such quantity as to be of significance to the common defense and security, or in such manner as to affect the health and safety of the public; or (2) any important component part especially designed for such equipment or device as determined by the Commission.

"q. The term 'research and development' means (1) theoretical "Research and analysis, exploration, or experimentation; or (2) the extension of development." investigative findings and theories of a scientific or technical nature

into practical application for experimental and demonstration pur

All 68 Stat. 924.

"Restricted Data."

"Source material."

poses, including the experimental production and testing of models, devices, equipment, materials, and processes.

"r. The term 'Restricted Data' means all data concerning (1) design, manufacture, or utilization of atomic weapons; (2) the production of special nuclear material; or (3) the use of special nuclear material in the production of energy, but shall not include data declassified or removed from the Restricted Data category pursuant to section 142.

"s. The term 'source material' means (1) uranium, thorium, or any other material which is determined by the Commission pursuant to the provisions of section 61 to be source material; or (2) ores containing one or more of the foregoing materials, in such concentration as the Commission may by regulation determine from time to time. "Special nuclear "t. The term 'special nuclear material' means (1) plutonium, uramaterial."

"United States."

"Utilization facility."

Aation

Seal,

nium enriched in the isotope 233 or in the isotope 235, and any other material which the Commission, pursuant to the provisions of section 51, determines to be special nuclear material, but does not include source material; or (2) any material artificially enriched by any of the foregoing, but does not include source material.

"u. The term "United States', when used in a geographical sense, includes all Territories and possessions of the United States, and the Canal Zone.

"v. The term 'utilization facility' means (1) any equipment or device, except an atomic weapon, determined by rule of the Commission to be capable of making use of special nuclear material in such quantity as to be of significance to the common defense and security, or in such manner as to affect the health and safety of the public, or peculiarly adapted for making use of atomic energy in such quantity as to be of significance to the common defense and security, or in such manner as to affect the health and safety of the public; or (2) any important component part especially designed for such equipment or device as determined by the Commission.

"CHAPTER 3. ORGANIZATION

"SEC. 21. ATOMIC ENERGY COMM SSION.-There is hereby established an Atomic Energy Commission, which shall be composed of five members, each of whom shall be a citizen of the United States. The President shall designate one member of the Commission as Chairman thereof to serve as such during the pleasure of the President. The Chairman may from time to time designate any other member of the Commission as Acting Chairman to act in the place and stead of the Chairman during his absence. The Chairman (or the Acting Chairman in the absence of the Chairman) shall preside at all meetings of the Commission and a quorum for the transaction of business shall consist of at least three members present. Each member of the Commission, including the Chairman, shall have equal responsibility and authority in all decisions and actions of the Commission and shall have one vote. Action of the Commission shall be determined by a majority vote of the members present. The Chairman (or Acting Chairman in the absence of the Chairman) shall be the official spokesman of the Commission in its relations with the Congress, Government agencies, persons, or the public, and, on behalf of the Commission, shall see to the faithful execution of the policies and decisions of the Commission, and shall report thereon to the Commission from time to time or as the Commission may direct. The Commission shall have an official seal which shall be judicially noticed.

"SEC. 22. MEMBERS.