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sense of social responsibility and our capacity for social invention are not doing too badly in response to the challenge laid down by the inventions of our scientists.

I have left to the last any reference to a manned flight to the moon. Let me make it clear that exploration of the moon is not a stunt, distinct from the outer space program as a whole; nor is it the exclusive concern of only two nations.

This project, spectacular though it may be, is understood best as a single step in man's mastery of space. It is a stage in a sequence which has a background and foreground.

In the background of manned flight to the moon is the vast program of research and the varied series of experiments which will make it possiblethoroughly justified in and of themselves. Indeed, not more than about 10 percent of our total expenditures on outer space can be attributed directly to manned lunar flight.

This program is being carried forward with significant international cooperation. Many nations, not one, are contributing to the moon project. The tracking and data stations in Mexico, Bermuda, the Canary Islands of Spain, Nigeria, Zanzibar, and Australia have been central to the success of the orbital flights in our Mercury program. These stations, along with additional facilities, are vital to the program for the manned lunar landing. This applies as well to the scientific investigations to be carried out through cooperative satellite and sounding rocket programs.

We are proud of these associations in a common task, Mr. Chairman. We hope that they will grow.

Beyond the manned landing on the moon lies the whole uncharted and unpredictable adventure of interplanetary exploration. So exploration of the moon is seen properly as the culmination of one stage of a process and the opening of another-as both an end and a beginning.

I repeat that the preponderant part of the U.S. space program is made up of projects which we would want to carry out even if we did not plan at this stage to land men on the moon. The plans for a manned landing and return from the moon are thus one part of a space program whose larger purpose is to carry into outer space man's unending adventure of discovery.

As I have been saying here today, we have welcomed-and in fact fostered the highest possible degree of international cooperation.

As you also know, President Kennedy proposed before the General Assembly last September to explore with the Soviet Union opportunities for working together in the conquest of space, including the sending of men to the moon as representatives of all of our countries. President Johnson has instructed me to reaffirm that offer today.

If giant strides cannot be taken at once, we hope that shorter steps can. We believe there are areas of work-short of integrating the two national programs-from which all could benefit. We should explore the opportunities for practical cooperation, beginning with small steps and hopefully leading to larger ones.

In any event, our policy of engaging in mutually beneficial and mutually supporting cooperation in outer space with the Soviet Union as with all nations does not begin or end with a manned moon landing. There is plenty of work yet to come before that-and there will be even more afterward. Mr. Chairman, one of the legal principles in the resolution before us states that "in the exploration of outer space, States shall be guided by the principle of cooperation and mutual assistance." My Government is so guided— by preference and by deed.

Another principle in the same resolution declares that "states shall regard astronauts as envoys of mankind in outer space." We are prepared so to regard our astronauts and all astronauts.

Finally, we wish to consider our own national effort to realize man's dream of a voyage to the moon as part of a larger design to add to the store of man's knowledge. We hope that all nations will take part in this great venture in the same spirit.

Mr. Chairman, we are well started, in this seventh year of the age of space, in the direction of freedom, peace, law, and cooperation in outer space.

Every relevant pressure here on earth impels us to stay on that track. If we can acquire the habit of cooperation in outer space, we shall not only learn more about man's relation to his environment but about man's relation to man. And thus may world statesmanship match achievement with science.

THE FOLLOWING WAS SUBMITTED BY NASA IN RESPONSE TO ISSUES RAISED ON PAGES 40 AND 89

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DEAR MR. DI LUZIO: This is in reply to your request for a reply to Dr. Commoner's statements regarding the utilization of scientists and engineers in the NASA program.

The statement that "by 1970, NASA will require the services of one of every four (scientists and engineers) in the country" is not based upon the most recent estimates. NASA submitted a statement entitled "Requirements for Scientists and Engineers" to the Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare of the U.S. Senate, November 14, 1963. Taking the estimate of the Bureau of Labor Statistics that the total supply of scientists and engineers in 1970 will be about 1,700,000 and the NASA estimated requirements (for agency and industry) of 90,000 to 100,000, the percentage derived is 5.9 percent. NASA's requirements will rise to a peak of 6.6 percent of the national supply in 1966-67 and fall thereafter. We are enclosing extra copies of the cited report for your files and for submission to Dr. Commoner.

Dr. Dryden's estimate of 25 percent was made in November 1962, before the NASA and Bureau of Labor Statistics studies were completed. In addition, this statement reflected the upper possible limits of the earliest estimate rather than the more conservative ratio verified by later studies. Dr. Dryden's complete statement at the NASA-University Conference, which apparently was not fully quoted in the November 19, 1962, issue of Aviation Week and Space Technology was as follows:

"It has been estimated that by 1970 as many as one-fourth of the Nation's trained scientific and engineering manpower will be engaged in space activities, although I cannot confirm the accuracy of the statement." (See p. 90 of NASAUniversity Conference proceedings, Vol. 1, Nov. 1-3, 1962.)

Dr. Commoner expressed concern that "the NASA program was apparently planned, and important commitments made before its impact on the Nation's total scientific establishment was evaluated (at least before such an evaluation, if it existed, was made public)." Since the letter is primarily concerned with the NASA-manned lunar program, we would assume that it is this program to which Dr. Commoner is referring here. We would refer Dr. Commoner to a brief article, "John F. Kennedy: A Remembrance," by Dr. Jerome B. Weisner, in the November 29, 1963, issue of Science, page 1149. The former scientific adviser to the President states that the decision to land Americans on the moon and return them before 1970 was made only after the most careful and full consultation with hundreds of people.

These people could not predict every impact of this program, but they were in a position to judge its place in the overall national picture, weighing needs of national security, education, and science, among other things. In addition, as was pointed out above, the program in fact has not and is not expected to result in any undue burden on scientific and engineering manpower.

The statement that "NASA will need 70,000 scientists and engineers next year" and that "this is almost 10 times the annual production of Ph. D.'s in science and engineering," is misleading if the intended inference is that NASAconnected scientists and engineers all hold doctorates. Only about 3.2 percent of such personnel hired by NASA hold doctorate degrees, 14.8 percent hold masters' degrees, and 78.7 percent hold bachelor's degrees. These figure represent the highest degree held by 3.710 engineers and scientists hired by the agency between July 1, 1961, and September 30, 1962. Hiring since September 1962, has reflected approximately the same proportion of masters' and doctorate degree holders.

We hope this information will prove useful to you.

Sincerely yours,

RICHARD L. CALLAGHAN, Assistant Administrator for Legislative Affairs.

STATEMENT OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

REQUIREMENTS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration appreciates the opportunity to discuss NASA's manpower requirements. The statement covers

The NASA role and organization.

NASA's requirements for scientists and engineers.

NASA's requirements compared to national requirements.
Sources of NASA scientists and engineers.
Continuing development of manpower resources.
Need for better data on scientists and engineers.

THE NASA ROLE AND ORGANIZATION

(a) Legislative objectives

The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, as amended, provides that NASA shall

(1) Conduct research into problems of flight within and outside the earth's atmosphere with a view to their practical solution;

(2) Conduct such activities as may be required for the exploration, scientific investigation, and utilization of space for peaceful purposes, and develop space vehicles for use in such activities;

(3) Arrange for participation by the scientific community in planning scientific measurements and observations to be made through use of aeronautical and space vehicles, and arrange for the conduct of such measurements and observations; and

(4) Provide for the widest practicable and appropriate dissemination of information concerning its activities and the results thereof.

(b) Summary of NASA programs

NASA is achieving these objectives through four basic programs:

1. The manned space flight program includes work in connection with extended earth orbital flight, to develop the techniques of rendezvous and docking in space, and to undertake progressively longer missions building up to landing of explorers on the moon and their safe return to earth. The work under this progam includes development of spacecraft and the procurement of launch vehicles, engines, and propulsion systems for Apollo and other approved projects.

2. The space science program includes scientific investigations of the earth, moon, sun, planets, stars, the galaxy, and space. Scientific investigations are carried out in space in the fields of aeronomy, ionospheric physics, energetic particles and fields, stellar and galactic astronomy, solar physics and astrophysics by the use of such vehicles as earth satellites, sounding rockets, and space probes. Unmanned scientific investigations include lunar and planetary explorations through deep space probes. The unmanned lunar orbiter, for example, will map selected areas of the moon's surface to provide information for planning the manned lunar mission.

3. The applications program is concerned with identifying and developing peaceful uses of space technology for general application. This includes development of communications satellite systems such as those represented by Projects Echo, Relay, and Syncom. It also includes meteorological systems such as Tiros, and studies relating to future applications such as nonmilitary navigational aids. 4. The advanced research and technology program seeks basic knowledge and technology which will be required for future manned and unmanned flights within and beyond the earth's atmosphere. This includes research conducted primarily to demonstrate the feasibility of a concept, structure, component, or system relating to spacecraft, launch vehicles, space power, nuclear systems, electric propulsion, liquid and solid rocket propulsion, life sciences, and aeronautics.

Supporting all manned and unmanned flight missions is the tracking and data acquisition program which provides a network of stations around the world. These stations are tied together by a worldwide communications system. Tracking and data acquisition includes the development, availability, and operations of facilities, equipment, and instrumentation necessary to acquire, record, process, reduce, and transmit technical and scientific data and information in response to the requirements of aeronautical and space flight missions.

(c) NASA's organizational structure

NASA's new organizational structure became effective on November 1, 1963. The major features of this organization are—

1. General management.-This consists of the Administrator, Deputy Administrator, and Associate Administrator. They function together with a high degree of flexibility and interchangeability. However, the Administrator and Deputy Administrator concentrate more on agencywide plans and policies and on external and international relationships. The Associate Administrator functions primarily as "general manager” of day-to-day operations.

2. Consolidated program and center management.-Authority and responsibility for planning and managing NASA's major research and development programs and, in addition, for directing the overall management of NASA's research and development centers are assigned to three officials reporting to the Associate Administrator.

(a) An Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight directs this program and the overall management affairs of the three Centers primarily involved with the manned space flight program-George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Manned Spacecraft Center, and Launch Operations Center.

(b) An Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications is responsible for these two programs for which similar field installations and launch systems are employed. He is also responsible for directing the management of the Goddard Space Flight Center, Wallops Station, Pacific Launch Operations Office, and for administering the contract with the California Institute of Technology for the operation of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

(c) An Associate Administrator for Advanced Research and Technology is responsible for this program and for directing the efforts of the four Research Centers primarily involved in carrying out NASA's advanced research programAmes Research Center, Flight Research Center, Langley Research Center, and Lewis Research Center.

3. Research and development centers satisfy any agency requirement.—To avoid unnecessary duplication-particularly of scarce scientific and engineering talents any center may be employed by any of the headquarters officials who are responsible for managing agency programs. For example, the Director of Tracking and Data Acquisition executes his program largely through the use of the Goddard Space Flight Center and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He does so with the agreement with the Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications and by allocating funds and other resources to the required Centers. 4. Central administrative support and service elements.-To avoid unnecessary duplication of staffs, to minimize review and approval levels, and to obtain uniformity where necessary, central support and service elements report primarily to the Administrator and to the Associate Administrator but serve all elements of the agency. These elements conduct such activities as procurement, personnel, financial management, legal, legislative affairs, and other activities.

NASA'S REQUIREMENTS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

During the current year, NASA has conducted studies of the requirements for scientists and engineers necessary to carry out the NASA program as authorized by the President and the Congress. These studies pertain to the requirements for scientists and engineers in NASA and by NASA contractors. These studies also include analyses of the sources of scientists and engineers recruited by NASA. The summary results of these studies and analyses are set forth in subsequent paragraphs.

(a) Requirements within NASA for scientists and engineers

The following table, entitled "Requirements for Scientists and Engineers Within NASA" (table 1) shows that

1. On January 1, 1960, NASA had a total staff of 9,567, of which 3,367, or 35 percent were scientists and engineers.1

Scientists and engineers are defined as all persons primarily engaged in the performance or direction of scientific, engineering, mathematical, or other technical professional work requiring a 4-year college major (or equivalent knowledge) in engineering or in physical life, or mathematical science. Excluded are architects, accountants, and psychologists. Also excluded are medical doctors, veterinarians, and other life scientists primarily engaged in providing diagnosis and medical care, or dispensing drugs or services. Statisticians and computer programers are included only if they specialize in mathematical techniques. Excluded are those trained in science or engineering but currently employed in positions not requiring use of such training. Excluded are elementary and secondary school teachers of science or mathematics.

2. On January 1, 1963, NASA had 25,667 employees, of which 9,240 were scientists and engineers—or 36 percent of the total NASA staff. Assuming for planning purposes that NASA's total staff numbers between 32,000 to 40,000 in 1970, the number of scientists and engineers required within NASA is estimated at between 13,000 and 16,000, or about 40 percent of the total NASA staff.

One of the major factors that accounts for the increasing percentage of scientists and engineers within NASA is the increasing proportion of work being done by contractors. To define, contract for, and supervise contractor efforts requires a higher percentage of scientists and engineers and less technical and supporting services, such as model shop employees, mental fabrication technicians, and similar support than when the work is done within NASA research and development centers.

TABLE 1.—Requirements for scientists and engineers within NASA1

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! Includes permanent and temporary employees 1960-63 and projected permanent and temporary positions 1964. 'Decreases due to addition of Marshall Space Flight Center on July 1, 1960. This involved a transfer of 4,256 employees to NASA of which 1,197 were scientists and engineers, or 28.1 percent.

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Table 2, entitled "Total NASA Requirements for Scientists and Engineers," covers requirements for scientists and engineers within NASA and the requirements of NASA contractors to carry out NASA work. In summary, table 2 shows that

1. On January 1, 1960, it is estimated that 8,400 scientists and engineers were employed on the NASA program-approximately 5,000 contractor employees and 3,400 NASA employees.

2. On January 1, 1963, it is estimated that 43,500 scientists and engineers were employed on the NASA program-approximately 34,300 contractor employees and 9,200 NASA employees.

3. The ratio of NASA to contractor scientists and engineers which was approximately 1:2 in January 1960 decreased to approximately 1:3 in January 1963 and is expected to be about 1:4 in January 1964.

4. NASA's projected total requirements for scientists and engineers on January 1, 1964, increase to about 64,000, assuming present proposed budget levels and expenditure rates. Of this total, it is estimated that 53,000 will work for contractors and the remaining 11,000 will be in NASA. Assuming for planning purposes that NASA's expenditures are between $5.5 and $6 billion in 1970, the estimated requirements for scientists and engineers would be between 90,000 and 100,000, of which between 75,500 and 84,000 would be contractor personnel.

2 At present there are no actual counts of total scientists and engineers employed by NASA Contractors for work on NASA contracts. A recent survey of large NASA industrial contractors has provided data which seem to be complete and reliable enough to represent the past and present, and to serve for projections. The National Science Foundation has initiated surveys by the Bureau of Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics which will provide additional data. The estimates of contractor scientists and engineers employed on NASA work have been developed on the basis of ratios of dollars to scientists and engineers. These ratios have been cross-checked against the instances where actual data are available and other studies using similar ratio techniques. The cross-checks indicate that the estimates of contractor personnel are probably accurate within plus or minus 5 to 10 percent.

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