pulla, Gooden. 1792; Boott 1843; Fries 1846. C. scabrata, Schw. 1823; ix, 66, 1825. C. Schottii, Dew., xxxi, 25, 1861. C. scirpoidea, Mx. 1803; xi, 154, 1826. Wormskiold ana, Hornm, xiv, 352, 1828; xi, 154, 1826. C. scirpoides, Schk., viii, 96, 1824. C. scoparia, Schk., viii, 94, 1824. C. setacea, Dew., ix, 61, 1825. C. Shortiana, Dew., xxx, 60, 1836; C. Schortii, Tor., later. C. siccata, Dew., x, 278, 1826. - pallida, Meyer 1830. C. Sitchensis, Prescott 1827 ? cryptocarpa, (not Meyer,) xxix, 245, 1836. C. sparganoides, Muh., viii, 255, 1824. var. minor, Boott 1862. - muricata var. cephaloidea, Dew., xli, 330, 1866. var. typinoides, Dew., xi, 316, 1826. C. stellulata, Gooden. 1792; xi, 306, 1826. C. stenolepis, Tor. 1835; xxx, 59, 1836, and xli, 331, 1866. C. stenophylla, Wahl. 1803; xxviii, 237, 1835. C. sterilis, Willd., xi, 304, 1826. C. steudelii, Kunth 1835; xlix, 46, 1845. C. stipata, Muh., vii, 271, 1824. C. straminea, Willd., vii, 276, 1824, and xi, 157, 1826. var. brevior, Dew., xi, 158 and 318, 1826. var. aperta, Boott 1862, and C. tenera, Olney. C. striata, Mx. 1803; xxviii, 231, 1859. — polymorpha, Muh., iii, 255, 1847, and xlii, 329, 1866, note. C. striatula, Mx. 1803; xxvii, 276, 1835, and xlii, 245, 1866. - - blanda, Dew., x, 45, 1826; Torrey 1843. - conoidea, Muh. (not Schik.) 1817. C. stricta, Gooden. 1792 (not Lam.); x, 269, 1826. C. styloflexa, Buckley16 1843; xlviii, 141, 1845. C. stylosa, Meyer 1830; xlii, 243, 1866, and xxix, 252, 1836. C. subulata, Mx. 1803 (not Wahl.). Collinsii, Nuttall 1818; xi, 317, 1826. Michauxii, Dew., x, 273, 1826; as subulata, used by Wahl. C. sychnocephala, Carey,18 - cyperoides (not Lin.), iii, 171, 1847. C. tenax, Chapman, xix, 254, 1855; Sart., 113, 1848. C. tenella, Ehrhart 1800? (not Schk. or Carey); xxviii, 232, 1859. var. sphærostachya, Tuck. En. 1843. sphærostachya, Dew., xlix, 44, 1845. C. tenera, Dewey, viii, 97, 1824. C. tentaculata, Muh., x, 34, 1826. var. gracilis, Boott, 231, 1860. var. rostrata, Sartwell (not Schk. or Mx.), Exsic. 1848. C. tenuiflora, Wahl., xxxix, 51, 1840. C. teretinscula, Gooden. 1792; vii, 265, 1824. C. tetanica, Schk. (not Muh.), xi, 312, 1826. C. Thurberi, Dew., xxxi, 24, 1861, and xxxv, 60, 1863. C. Torreyi, Tuck. 1843; xlix, 43, 1845. 16 Description by Mr. Buckley in this Journal, xlv, 174, 1848. 19 Mr. Carey's description in iv, 24, 1847. C. torta, Boott 1843; ix, 30, 1850. - caspitosa, (not of Lin. or Gooden.), x, 266, 1826. var. ramosa, Dew., xii, 297, 1827. - acuta, in part (not Lin.), x, 265, 1826, and var. sparsiflora, Dew. C. trichocarpa, Muh. 1806; vii, 274, 1824, and xi, 158, 1826. var. turbinata, Dew., xi, 159, 1826. C. triquetra, Boott 1845; xxxv, 60, 1863. - monticola, Dew., xxxi, 26, 1861. C. trisperma, Dew., ix, 63, 1825. C. Tuckermani, Dew., xlix, 48, 1845, and Boott 1846. C. turgescens, 18 Tor. 1836; xxxv, 57, 1863. C. umbellata,is Schk. 1806; x, 31, 1826, not xxxi, 26, 1861. C. ursina, Dew., xxviii, 240, 1835. C. ustulata, Wahl., xi, 149, 1826, and Schk. C. utriculata, Boott 1840; xxviii, 231, 1859. var. sparsiflora, Dew., xxviii, 232, 1859. – cylindrica, Schw. 1823 (not Tuck. or Carey); xli, 331, 1866. C. Vahlii, Schk. 1806; xxvi, 377, 1834. C. vallicola, Dew., xxxii, 40, 1861. C. varia, Muh.20 1806; xi, 162, 1826. var. pedicellata, Dew., xi, 163, 1826. C. Vaseyi, Dew., xxix, 347, 1860, and xli, 331, 1866. C. venusta, Dew., xxvi, 107, 1834. C. verrucosa, Schw. (not Muh.), xi, 159, 1826; mistake of Schw., and is expunged. C. vesiearia, Lin., x, 273, 1826; Boott 1846. C. vestita, Willd., ix, 261, 1825. C. virescens, Muh., ix, 259, 1825. C. vulpinoidea, Mx. 1803. — multiflora, Muh. 1806; ix, 60, 1825. var. microsperma, Dew., xi, 317, 1826. C. vulgaris, Fries 1846, Nov. Mant. - caespitosa, 22 Gooden. 1792, & Muh. (not Lin.), xii, 297, 1827, last of the note. rigida, Carey (not Gooden.) in Gray, 1848. C. Wildenovii, Schk., ix, 258, 1825, and xi, 311, 1826. 18 C. turgescens, iii, 356, 1847, should be named C. Halei, Carey (not Dewey). 10 On the principle of the last note, when I found plants closely resembling C. Recent examinations show that C. Vaseyi is probably only an immature form 22 C. cæspitosa, Gooden., an English Carex, was confounded with, or itself ab- ART. XLV. On the Oil-producing Uplift of West Virginia; by Prof. E. W. EVANS. THE most productive oil region of West Virginia, so far as developments have yet gone, is confined to a line of uplift, extending from Burning Springs on the Little Kanawha, in a direction from twelve to fourteen degrees east of north, to the Ohio river, a distance of 35 miles. Thus limited, the line is nearly bisected by the Northwestern Virginia railroad, at Petroleum station; which will therefore serve as a convenient point of reference. In its central portion, which for convenience I shall designate as the middle segment, the upheaval is most marked, and exhibits some distinctive features. This part is about ten miles in length, and is also nearly bisected by the railroad. A crosssection of it, as made out from the railroad cuttings, the records of borings, and the frequent exposures of rock along the streams of the neighborhood, is shown in fig. 1. It is a decapitated fold, a flexure of the strata in the anticlinal form, having the summit worn down by water. "This name should be substituted for flaccosperma in the volume and page here given, as the name was selected on account of the yellow color of the fruit on the plants received from the south: yellow fruited Sedge. C. flaccosperma is an accidental miscopy. 24 304. C. xerocarpa, S. H. Wright. Spikes 4-6, long, very slender erect; the staminate 2-4, sessile or sub pedicelled, with close ovate acute scales; the pistillate 1-2, close fruited except the lower very lax part, the upper half staminate; stigmas 2; fruit ovate short-acute, small and close, compressed and apiculate, longer than ovate acute scale, or equalling it, except some of the upper and long lanceolate scales; culm 18 to 24 inches, erect, slender, 3-sided and scabrous on the upper part; bracts leaf-like; leaves slender, narrow, scabrous on the edge and shorter than the culm; plant, except the dry brownish arid spikes and fruit which give the name, dark green. Prattsburg, Steuben Co., N. Y., on a rich peat bottom in an extensive flat, abundant over one-fourth of an acre, without any other Carex.-Dr. S. H. Wright. Of the stricta species, this is the strictest, with the longest small spikes and close smallest fruit. There is a steep western slope, from A to B, where the rocks. are tilted up at an angle varying from 45° toward B to upwards of 60° toward A. The distance across these upturned edges, from A to B, measured horizontally is about 1200 feet. After allowing for the divergent dips, I estimate the original thickness of rock here represented to be about 850 feet. In the eastern steep slope, from F to G, the strata incline at an angle of from 30° to 40°; but the distance across, taken horizontally, is so much greater as to render the thickness of rock thus displaced about the same as in the western slope. To the westward from A, and to the eastward from B, there is a somewhat sudden transition from the steep slopes to a comparatively slight inclination of the strata, which continues far enough to either side to give an additional outcropping of about 300 feet, estimated perpendicularly to the strata. It is not claimed that these figures are accurate; but if they are approximately correct, the rocks on the summit of the anticlinal have been brought up out of place not less than 1100 feet, probably as much as 1200 at the highest axial point. This estimate has reference to the place of maximum upheaval, a little north of the railroad. In the inner belt between the steep slopes, which is about a mile in breadth, from B to F, the strata are nearly horizontal, but somewhat wavy-the waves partaking of the direction of the main uplift. One of these, represented at E, is quite prominent and persistent, and in fact constitutes the crown or proper axial line of the anticlinal. It is much nearer the eastern slope than the western. The most distinctive features of this segment of the uplift are seen in the abrupt change of direction at B and F. The Appalachian folds farther east, where there was more heating and crystallization, exhibit curves rather than angles, even when most prominent. But here we find sharp angular points, with some arching to either side, but upon the whole partaking rather of the character of fractures, and affording numerous crevices in the soft and brittle rock. Hence the popular name of "the break," by which this uplift is known, is not altogether inappli cable. There is, however, no, actual disruption of the strata, and no fault, either at the western angle B, or at the eastern angle F. The abruptness of these angles has led some into the 2. supposition that the nearly horizontal strata of the inner belt are not continuous and identical with the inclined strata to either side, but abut against their sides or faces, in the manner exhibited in fig. 2. That such is not the case is conclusively shown by the following facts. First, a comparison of the rocks in the western slope, from B to A, fig. 1, by their lithological characters, with the rocks in the eastern slope, from F to G, shows that they are identical one by one in their order; they are also found identical with the rocks in the intermediate hills, as at D, so far as these extend upward, say a maximum height of about 300 feet. The strata thus traced over include sandstones, shales and veins of coal; also a layer of flinty limestone, which may be mentioned as one of the best guides. At the railroad this appears on the west side projecting upward through the bed of Laurel Fork, and on the east side in an exposure of sloping rocks in the hill a little south of Petroleum station. At various places it not only ap pears in the opposite slopes, but has also been traced through the hills between, as on Comb run, about two miles south of the railroad. Indeed there are numerous exposures in situations corresponding to B and F, fig. 1, where the continuous connec tion of the same strata, as they change from an approximately horizontal position to a steep pitch, is plainly traced by the eye. Again, it is a fact that the rocks bored through in positions a little to the left of B, fig. 1, correspond, in lithological characters, with those found to the right of it, but differ from the latter in being struck further down, and in continuing longer in proportion to a greatly increased inclination. Borings made at B descend into rocks of steep pitch. All this is in direct contradiction to the hypothesis presented in fig. 2, where the sloping rocks are represented as not only distinct from, but also as projecting over the horizontal ones. The inner belt between the slopes, from B to F, is not inappropriately called the "oil belt," as it is only in the horizontal or slightly inclined rocks between these limits that oil has been found in paying quantities. In the upturned edges of the east and west slopes, as well as over a considerable extent of territory outside, a large number of wells have been bored for oil, but with little or no success. Even within the inner belt, the producing wells are thus far nearly all confined to three narrow strips. It will be seen that the cross section, fig. 1, exhibits three principal angles, marking three distinct axial lines; the western angle at B, which is the most prominent, next the eastern angle at F, then the inner angle at E, which is the least prominent. It is along these three axes that all the good wells are located. The most successful developments are along the western margin of the inner belt, on a strip about 500 feet in width, from B to C, fig. 1. On the eastern branches of Laurel fork, on White |