determine relates primarily to the military utilization of atomic weapons and which the Commission and Department of Defense jointly determine can be adequately safeguarded as defense information: Provided, however, That no such data so removed from the Restricted Data category shall be transmitted or otherwise made available to any nation or regional defense organization, while such data remains defense information, except pursuant to an agreement for cooperation, entered into in accordance with section 2164 (b) of this title.

(e) Joint determination on atomic energy programs.

The Commission shall remove from the Restricted Data category such information concerning the atomic energy programs of other nations as the Commission and the Director of Central Intelligence jointly determine to be necessary to carry out the provisions of section 403 (d) of Title 50 and can be adequately safeguarded as defense information. (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, § 142, as added Aug. 30, 1954, 9:44 a.m., E.D.T., ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 941.)

42 U.S.C., § 2165. Security restrictions. (a) On contractors and licensees.

No arrangement shall be made under section 2051 of this title [Atomic Energy Act], no contract shall be made or continued in effect under section 2061 of this title, and no license shall be issued under section 2133 or 2134 of this title, unless the person with whom such arrangement is made, the contractor or prospective contractor, or the prospective licensee agrees in writing not to permit any individual to have access to Restricted Data until the Civil Service Commission. shall have made an investigation and report to the Commission on the character, associations, and loyalty of such individual, and the Commission shall have determined that permitting such person to have access to Restricted Data will not endanger the common defense and security.

(b) Employment of personnel; access to Restricted Data.

Except as authorized by the Commission or the General Manager upon a determination by the Commission or General Manager that such action is clearly consistent with the national interest, no individual shall be employed by the Commission nor shall the Commission permit any individual to have access to Restricted Data until the Civil Service Commission shall have made an investigation and report to the Commission on the character, associations, and loyalty of such individual, and the Commission shall have determined that permitting such person to have access to Restricted Data will not endanger the common defense and security.

(c) Investigations by FBI.

In the event an investigation made pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) of this section develops any data reflecting that the individual who is the subject of the investigation is of questionable loyalty, the Civil Service Commission shall refer the matter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for the conduct of a full field investigation, the results of which shall be furnished to the Civil Service Commission for its information and appropriate action.

(d) Same; Presidential investigation.

If the President deems it to be in the national interest, he may from time to time cause investigations of any group or class which are required by subsections (a) and (b) of this section to be made by the Federal Bureau of Investigation instead of by the Civil Service Commission.

(e) Certificate of specific positions for investigation by FBI.

Notwithstanding the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of this section, a majority of the members of the Commission shall certify those specific positions which are of a high degree of importance or sensitivity and upon such certification the investigation and reports required by such provisions shall be made by the Federal Bureau of Investigation instead of by the Civil Service Commission.

(f) Investigation standards.

The Commission shall establish standards and specifications in writing as to the scope and extent of investigations to be made by the Civil Service Commission pursuant to subsections (a) and (b) of this section. Such standards and specifications shall be based on the location and class or kind of work to be done, and shall, among other considerations, take into account the degree of importance to the common defense and security of the Restricted Data to which access will be permitted.

*** (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, § 145, as added Aug. 30, 1954, 9:44 a.m., E.D.T., ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 942, and amended Aug. 19, 1958, Pub. L. 85-681, § 5, 72 Stat. 633.)

42 U.S.C., § 2166. Applicability of other laws.

(a) Sections 2161-2165 of this title [Atomic Energy Act] shall not exclude the applicable provisions of any other laws, except that no Government agency shall take any action under such other laws inconsistent with the provisions of those sections.

(b) The [Atomic Energy] Commission shall have no power to control or restrict the dissemination of information other than as granted by this or any other law. (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, § 146, as added Aug. 30, 1954, 9:44 a.m., E.D.T., ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 943.)

42 U.S.C., § 2181. Military utilization of inventions. (a) Denial of patent; revocation of prior patents.

No patent shall hereafter be granted for any invention or discovery which is useful solely in the utilization of special nuclear material or atomic energy in an atomic weapon. Any patent granted for any such invention or discovery is revoked, and just compensation shall be made therefor.

(b) Denial of rights; revocation of prior rights.

No patent hereafter granted shall confer any rights with respect to any invention or discovery to the extent that such invention or discovery is used in the utilization of special nuclear materials or atomic energy in atomic weapons. Any rights conferred by any patent heretofore granted for any invention or discovery are revoked to the extent that such invention or discovery is so used, and just compensation shall be made therefor.

(c) Report of invention to Commissioner of Patents.

Any person who has made or hereafter makes any invention or discovery useful (1) in the production or utilization *** of atomic energy; in the utilization of special nuclear material in an atomic weapon; (3) in the utilization of atomic energy in an atomic weapon, shall file with the Commission a report ** *

(d) Report to Commission by Commissioner of Patents.

The Commissioner of Patents shall notify the Commission of all application for patents *** which *** disclose inventions or discoveries required to be reported under ***this section *** (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, § 151 as added Aug. 30, 1954, 9:44 a.m., E.D.T., ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 943.)

42 U.S.C., § 2274. Communication of restricted data.

Whoever, lawfully or unlawfully, having possession of, access to, control over, or being entrusted with any document, writing, sketch, photograph, plan, model, instrument, appliance, note, or information involving or incorporating Restricted Data

(a) communicates, transmits, or discloses the same to any individual or person, or attempts or conspires to do any of the foregoing, with intent to injure the United States or with intent to secure an advantage to any foreign nation, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by death or imprisonment for life (but the penalty of death or imprisonment for life may be imposed only upon recommendation of the jury), or by a fine of not more than $20,000 or imprisonment for not more than twenty years, or both;

(b) communicates, transmits, or discloses the same to any individual or person, or attempts or conspires to do any of the foregoing, with reason to believe such data will be utilized to injure the United States or to secure an advantage to any foreign nation, shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000 or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or both. (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, § 224, as added Aug. 30, 1954, 9:44 a.m., E.D.T., ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 958.)

42 U.S.C., § 2277. Disclosure of restricted data.

Whoever, being or having been an employee or member of the [Atomic Energy] Commission, a member of the Armed Forces, an employee of any agency of the United States, or being or having been a contractor of the Commission or of an agency of the United States, or being or having been an employee of a contractor of the Commission or of an agency of the United States, or being or having been a licensee of the Commission, or being or having been an employee of a licensee of the Commission, knowingly communicates, or whoever conspires to communicate or to receive, any Restricted Data, knowing or having reason to believe that such data is Restricted Data, to any person not authorized to receive Restricted Data pursuant to the provisions of this chapter or under rule or regulation of the Commission issued pursuant thereto, knowing or having reason to believe such person is not so authorized to receive Restricted Data shall, upon conviction

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thereof, be punishable by a fine of not more than $2,500. (Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, § 227, as added Aug. 30, 1954, 9:44 a.m., E.D.T., ch. 1073, § 1, 68 Stat. 959.)

47 U.S.C., § 154. Federal Communications Commission; composition and provisions relating thereto generally.

(j) The Commission may conduct its proceedings in such manner as will best conduce to the proper dispatch of business and to the ends of justice. No commissioner shall participate in any hearing or proceeding in which he has a pecuniary interest. Any party may appear before the Commission and be heard in person or by attorney. Every vote and official act of the Commission shall be entered of record, and its proceedings shall be public upon the request of any party interested. The Commission is authorized to withhold publication of records or proceedings containing secret information affecting the national defense.

*** (June 19, 1934, ch. 652, § 4, 48 Stat. 1066; Jan. 22, 1936, ch. 25, 49 Stat. 1098; May 20, 1937, ch. 229, §§ 3, 4, 50 Stat. 190; Mar. 23, 1941, ch. 24, 55 Stat. 46; Oct. 15, 1949, ch. 695, § 5(a), 63 Stat. 880; July 16, 1952, ch. 879, § 3, 66 Stat. 711; Aug. 13, 1954, ch. 735, § 2, 68 Stat. 729; July 31, 1956, ch. 804, title I, § 106 (a) 70 Stat. 738.)

50 U.S.C., § 141. Penalties for violations of chapter.

Any person violating any of the provisions of this chapter [re unauthorized disclosure of information on the manufacture and distribution of explosives in connection with national defense] or any rules or regulations made thereunder shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punished by a fine of not more than $5,000 or by imprisonment not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. (Oct. 6, 1917, ch. 83, § 19, 40 Stat. 388; Dec. 26, 1941, ch. 633, § 2, 55 Stat. 868.)

50 U.S.C., § 403g. Same; protection of nature of Agency's functions.

[Central Intelligence]

In the interests of the security of the foreign intelligence activities of the United States and in order further to implement the proviso of section 403 (d) (3) of this title that the Director of Central Intelligence shall be responsible for protecting intelligence sources and methods from unauthorized disclosure, the Agency shall be exempted from the provisions of section 654 of Title 5, and the provisions of any other law which require the publication or disclosure of the organization, functions, names, official titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed by the Agency: Provided, That in furtherance of this section, the Director of the Bureau of the Budget shall make no reports to the Congress in connection with the Agency under section 947 (b) of Title 5. (June 20, 1949, ch. 227, § 6, formerly § 7, 63 Stat. 211, renumbered July 7, 1958, Pub. L. 85–507, § 21(b) (2), 72 Stat. 337.)

50 U.S.C., § 783. Offenses.

(a) Conspiracy or attempt to establish totalitarian dictatorship. It shall be unlawful for any person knowingly to combine, conspire, or agree with any other person to perform any act which would substantially contribute to the establishment within the United States of a totalitarian dictatorship, as defined in paragraph (15) of section 782 of this title, the direction and control of which is to be vested in, or exercised by or under the domination or control of any foreign government, foreign organization, or foreign individual: Provided, however, That this subsection shall not apply to the proposal of a constitutional amendment.

(b) Communication of classified information by Government officer or employee.

It shall be unlawful for any officer or employee of the United States or of any department or agency thereof, or of any corporation the stock of which is owned in whole or in major part by the United States or any department or agency thereof, to communicate in any manner or by any means, to any other person whom such officer or employee knows or has reason to believe to be an agent or representative of any foreign government or an officer or member of any Communist organization as defined in paragraph (5) of section 782 of this title, any information of a kind which shall have been classified by the President (or by the head of any such department, agency, or corporation with the approval of the President) as affecting the security of the United States, knowing or having reason to know that such information has been so classified, unless such officer or employee shall have been specifically authorized by the President, or by the head of the department, agency, or corporation by which this officer or employee is employed, to make such disclosure of such information. (c) Receipt of, or attempt to receive, by foreign agent or member of Communist organization, classified information.

It shall be unlawful for any agent or representative of any foreign government, or any officer or member of any Communist organization as defined in paragraph (5) of section 782 of this title, knowingly to obtain or receive, or attempt to obtain or receive, directly on indirectly, from any officer or employee of the United States or of any department or agency thereof or of any corporation the stock of which is owned in whole or in major part by the United States or any department or agency thereof, any information of a kind which shall have been classified by the President (or by the head of any such department, agency, or corporation with the approval of the President) as affecting the security of the United States, unless special authorization for such communication shall first have been obtained from the head of the department, agency, or corporation having custody of or control over such information.

(d) Penalties for violation.

Any person who violates any provision of this section shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than $10,000, or imprisonment for not more than ten years, or by both such fine and