Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology |
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Page 49
... mouth , while they drop the water - soaked paper b . duction of stimuli also occurs in plants . During the year 1888 in Kiel , and 1889-90 in Naples , I made in- vestigations on the reactions of Actinians , which show how little reason ...
... mouth , while they drop the water - soaked paper b . duction of stimuli also occurs in plants . During the year 1888 in Kiel , and 1889-90 in Naples , I made in- vestigations on the reactions of Actinians , which show how little reason ...
Page 50
... mouth of one of these Actinians it is refused , while a piece of crab - meat , which to us does not differ in taste from the wad of paper , is usually accepted with- out delay . I tied one end of a short thread around a -L . FIG . II ...
... mouth of one of these Actinians it is refused , while a piece of crab - meat , which to us does not differ in taste from the wad of paper , is usually accepted with- out delay . I tied one end of a short thread around a -L . FIG . II ...
Page 51
... mouth causes the sphincter of the oral open- ing to relax ; the pressure of the tentacles , together with the activity of the oral disc , then pushes the meat into the interior of the digestive tract . But if these specific chemical ...
... mouth causes the sphincter of the oral open- ing to relax ; the pressure of the tentacles , together with the activity of the oral disc , then pushes the meat into the interior of the digestive tract . But if these specific chemical ...
Page 52
... mouth . If we offer such a new head a piece of meat , the tent- acles seize and press it against the centre of the oral disc , where the mouth should be . After pressing in vain for some min- utes the tentacles relax and the meat falls ...
... mouth . If we offer such a new head a piece of meat , the tent- acles seize and press it against the centre of the oral disc , where the mouth should be . After pressing in vain for some min- utes the tentacles relax and the meat falls ...
Page 53
... mouth ought to be ( 3 ) . If we look at these facts without prejudice , we must conclude that the reaction of the ... mouth and tentacles on its oral end ; on its aboral end the body - cavity is open to the exterior , and food may pass ...
... mouth ought to be ( 3 ) . If we look at these facts without prejudice , we must conclude that the reaction of the ... mouth and tentacles on its oral end ; on its aboral end the body - cavity is open to the exterior , and food may pass ...
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Common terms and phrases
able aboral Actinians activity Annelids aquarium Arthropods Ascidians associative memory Asterina Bethe body brain causes cells central nervous system centre cerebellum cerebral hemispheres changes chemical chemotropism commissure connected consciousness contraction coördination crawl crayfish determined direction disturbances earthworm effect elements experiments extirpation fact fibres Flourens frog functions ganglion-cells geotropism Goltz head heliotropic hind-legs images of memory innervation instance instincts ions irritability larvæ legs lesion light Limulus localisation LOEB longitudinal meat mechanism medulla medulla oblongata ments motions motor mouth move muscles negatively heliotropic Nereis nerve-ring nerves observed occur œsophageal operation oral organs orientation peripheral Pflüger's Archiv phenomena piece Planarians plants positively heliotropic possess possible posterior processes produced progressive movements protoplasmic psychic reactions reflex removed respiratory rhythmical Schrader segmental ganglia sensations sensory shock-effects spinal cord spontaneous starfish stereotropism stimulated subœsophageal ganglion substances supraœsophageal ganglion surface tension tentacles Thysanozoön tion tropisms Vertebrates visual worms
Popular passages
Page 301 - New Haven Leader. 3. — Rivers of North America. A Reading Lesson for Students of Geography and Geology. By ISRAEL C, RUSSELL, Professor of Geology, University of Michigan, author of " Lakes of North America," " Glaciers of North America," " Volcanoes of North America,
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Page 1 - Our criterion puts an end to the metaphysical ideas that all matter, and hence the whole animal world, possesses consciousness. We are brought to the theory that only certain species of animals possess associative memory and have consciousness, and that it appears in them only after they have reached a certain stage in their ontogenetic development. This...
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Page 185 - Human happiness is based upon the possibility of a natural and harmonious satisfaction of the instincts. One of the most important instincts is usually not even recognized as such, namely, the Instinct of workmanship. Lawyers, criminologIsts and philosophers frequently imagine that only want makes man work. This Is an erroneous view.
Page xii - ... by which a stimulus brings about not only the effects which its nature and the specific structure of the irritable organ call for, but by which it brings about also the effects of other stimuli which formerly acted upon the organism almost or quite simultaneously with the stimulus in question.1 If an animal can be trained, if it can learn, it possesses associative memory.
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Page vii - ... symmetry of the body. Symmetrical elements at the surface of the body have the same irritability; unsymmetrical elements have a different irritability. Those nearer the oral pole possess an irritability greater than that of those near the aboral pole. These circumstances force an animal to orient itself toward a source of stimulation in such a way that symmetrical points on the surface of the body are stimulated equally. In this way the animals are led without will of their own either toward...
Page xii - It should consist in the right understanding of the fundamental process which recurs in all psychic phenomena as the elemental component. This process, according to my opinion, is the activity of the associative memory, or of association. Consciousness is only a metaphysical term for phenomena which are determined by associative memory. By associative memory I mean that mechanism by which a stimulus brings about not only the effects which its nature and the specific structure of the irritable organ...
Page vii - These tropisms are identical for animals and plants. The explanation of them depends first upon the specific irritability of certain elements of the body-surface, and, second, upon the relations of symmetry of the body. Symmetrical elements at the surface of the body have the same irritability ; unsymmetrical elements have a different irritability. Those nearer the oral pole possess an irritability greater than that of those near the aboral pole. These circumstances force an animal to orient itself...