at A, to form a core print. The core box shown beneath may be, in the smaller sizes, cut out of the solid wood, the

Fig.169

A

part B being made thick, because it includes the thickness of the ridge on that end, and also the depth of the print, as shown at A. The reason that the block or core print protrudes at C, is, that a ridge may be formed in the mold to steady the core while inserting it in the mold; and the depth of the core box, at E, must be made to suit it. It will be noted that the core prints, at F F, are carried to the top of the pattern; and it will be readily perceived that they must be so made in order that the pattern may lift from the sand. Then, after the mold is made, the core for the hole

is first inserted, and then a small core is fitted into the

recess in the mold; and thus is the top part of the recess (above the core print) stopped off. The circles marked on the faces of the prints, F, are to be painted on the pattern in black varnish, and their purpose is to denote that the core proper is round. If these black circles were not made, the pattern maker would

Fig.170.

require to make a similar circle and cross marks with chalk or pencil, that the molder may know how the core is to be left.

Fig. 170 is a representation of a pattern for a slide; it has the projections simply set on with pegs, to prevent the pattern being locked in the sand. In molding this piece, a false core is laid between these projections. After the cope is lifted, the plate A may be taken out; and after removing the false core, the pieces B B can be withdrawn,

8*

CHAPTER XI.

EXAMPLES IN COLUMN PATTERNS.

Our next example shall be for a square or rectangular column, which, though very simple in construction, yet necessitates a departure from the ordinary method pursued in pattern making-the object being to save the making of an entirely new pattern for every required column. In view of the thousands of columns of this kind that have been cast, it is not to be wondered at that measures have been taken to cheapen the cost of the pattern, and lessen the labor in preparing the mold; but it is to be remarked that no one has been able to invent a permanent mold for this class of work. In cast iron columns, the strict rules of architecture are not rigidly followed. The slight but graceful curve prescribed for every column and pilaster is frequently neglected, and various parts of the column are modified in their contourto their detriment, as may be easily seen by comparing the details of a stone building with those of an iron one.

Square iron columns are usually made parallel throughout their lengths; while, on the end view, two of the sides incline towards one another, on account of the draft or taper given to the pattern. Round column patterns are not made parallel, but are smaller at the cap than at the base. The curve above mentioned is given to the shaft; but as the pattern is made to serve for all lengths of columns of that diameter, the curve can only, in most cases, be an approximation. In foundries that make a specialty of this class of work, numbers of blocks of various sizes and lengths are kept, and they simply require the addition of such ornaments as the design comprises,

Fig.17.

which ornaments-such as moldings, flutings, and the like are often ready to hand, to complete the column pattern. These blocks are, for small columns, made solid; but for large columns they are constructed like boxes or troughs, with pieces filled in at short distances to give strength. (See Fig. 172.) Fig. 171 is a perspective view of a block, mounted with moldings and other ornamentation, so as to form a column pattern ready to go into the sand. The base, B, and its moldings, a and b, are to be cast solid with the shaft of the column;

this, however as may be

inferred from what has been said is not compulsory. It I will be seen that the base forms a guide for the stopping-off blocks, A A, at that end; at the other end of the column the guides, C C, are attached. The distance between the stopping-off blocks, A A, is of course the length of the column, plus shrinkage and plus the amount left for cutting off to square up the ends of the cast column. The wires shown are for the purpose of holding the ornaments

are held by loose pegs, except the cabling, D, and the paneling, E, which are made fast on the face by nails or

screws.

Let it be required to prepare a pattern for a column 12 feet long, of 12 inches face, and 14 inches deep, to be of the style shown in Fig. 171. Select a block similar to that shown in Fig. 172, in which the top piece is shown removed, so that the distance pieces may be seen.

Fig.173.

therefore, if inch margins are used, the block should measure 11 by 13 inches, and less if margins are employed. The length of the block is immaterial, so that it be not less than 20 inches longer than the column. This excess is for core prints at the ends of the pattern. Lay off upon the block the length of the column pattern; this will be 12 feet + 12 inch for shrinkage + or inch at each end for squaring up. Space off upon the block the position of the various members, and apply them as directed. It must be noted that the moldings and base pieces on the face overrun those, upon the side, and also extend according to their contour over the side that is not mounted (see Figs. 171 and 173). The reason of this is that by removing these face moldings and base pieces, except the cabling and paneling (which are fast), the

Block

When the parting