variety of purposes pleasure, business, family affairs, education, health, and various other reasons. Some indication of the object of travel by citizens is provided by the declarations of passport applicants. These are summarized in table 9, which shows also the number of additional persons included and the citizenship of bearer.

Table 9.-Passports Issued and Renewals Granted: Object of Travel as Stated by Passport Applicants, Additional Persons Included, and Citizenship of Bearer, 1929-37 1

1 Detailed data for 1930 are not available. The total number of passports issued and renewals granted in

this year was 203,174.

2 Not shown separately.

3 Includes special and diplomatic passports.

Source: Passport Division, Department of State.

Approximately 80 percent of all passport applicants in recent years have designated "travel" (i. e., travel for pleasure) or "family affairs" as the object of travel. The proportion of travelers for pleasure has increased markedly since 1934, however, and has again become the most important single declared purpose of travel, while the proportion of those going abroad on family affairs has decreased and has reassumed, since 1935, a position of secondary importance. These opposing trends reveal the changing character of foreign travel in the course of recovery from business depression. During the depression years, travel abroad was not only limited in a considerable degree to trips which could not conveniently be postponed but was also motivated in the case of many foreign-born citizens by a desire either to relieve distress at first hand among relatives in foreign countries or to seek relief themselves through more economical living abroad or by actual maintenance from foreign sources. These influences were especially evident in the increase in the number of passport applicants who designated family affairs as the object of travel in 1932 in the face of a general decline in foreign travel. (The same factors were obviously at work in the case of travel overseas by alien residents of the United States during the period, as indicated both by the comparatively large number of departures and by the considerable number who, after declaring an intention to make only temporary visits abroad, made prolonged stays in foreign countries.) During the succeeding period of rising incomes, travel merely for the sake of travel, which was more than halved during the depression period, approximately doubled, although the total number of passport applicants increased by only one-half.41

Aside from travel for educational purposes, which accounted for 4 percent of the total in 1937, the remainder of passport applicants indicated that they were proceeding abroad for business reasons, whether commercial, professional, official, or personal, for employment, or in connection with scientific and religious pursuits.

Passport data show also that from 40 to 46 percent of passports issued and renewals granted in the years 1929-35 were obtained by naturalized, as contrasted with native-born, citizens. This fact provides further evidence of the significance of the large foreign-born population of the United States upon the balance of international payments of the country; for foreign travel by naturalized citizens is undoubtedly traceable in large part to a desire to visit the countries of their origin and accounts for a large proportion of travel on family affairs. Only one-third of new or renewed passports in 1936-37, however, were issued or granted to naturalized citizens. This decline, directly related to the contemporary decrease in the proportion of citizens going abroad on family business, was the consequence not of a decrease in the absolute number of naturalized citizens securing passports but of the rapid increase in the number of native-born citizens seeking travel credentials.

UNITED STATES-CANADIAN TOURIST ACCOUNT

The expenditures of United States travelers in Canada comprise nearly half of total outlays for foreign travel by residents of this

These cyclical influences upon the character and purposes of foreign travel are of considerable significance. For example, they relate directly to the tendency for the average and total expenditures of United States travelers in noncontiguous foreign countries to increase and decrease more in proportion than the tolume of oversea travel.

country, and the expenditures of Canadian travelers in the United States account for two-thirds of total travel outlays by foreigners in the United States. Aggregate expenditures arising from travel between the two principal North American countries (which exceed by far those involved in the exchange of tourist accommodations between any other two countries) in 1937 were $382,000,000, of which $280,000,000 represented outlays by United States travelers in Canada and $102,000,000 the expenditures of Canadians in this country. Net payments to Canada on tourist account in 1937 were therefore $178,000,000. Payments to Canada on travel account in 1936 amounting to $228,000,000 and corresponding receipts of $89,000,000 produced net payments of $139,000,000 in that year. It is a significant fact, and one bearing upon basic trends in foreign travel by residents of the United States, that in 1937 United States tourist expenditures in Canada were only 5 percent less than in the peak

Figure 5.-United States-Canadian tourist account, 1929-37.

year 1929, whereas total outlays for all foreign travel were still 28 percent below those of $821,000,000 reached in the same predepression year. The estimated expenditures of United States travelers in Canada and of Canadian travelers in the United States are shown in table 10 for the years 1928-37 and in figure 5 for the years 1929-37. The respective increases in travel by residents of the United States in Canada and by Canadians in this country in 1937 as compared with 1936 applied, although somewhat unequally, to each type of travel between the two countries. Estimated total expenditures increased generally in rough proportion to the growth in the volume of travel, but changes in per capita outlays were a factor also in certain instances. The number of United States automobiles entering Canada for touring purposes in 1937 was approximately 4,500,000, an increase of approximately 10 percent over the total entered in 1936 and equal to the number reported for 1929 (see fig. 3 and table I, appendix B). This major type of tourist traffic into Canada from the United States carried some 13,500,000 persons (including, of course, numerous duplications of

persons who made more than one crossing) across the Canadian border in 1937, who spent $188,000,000, as contrasted with $154,000,000 spent by approximately 13,000,000 motorists in the preceding year. The increase of 22 percent in total outlays by United States motor travelers in Canada was obviously the result in large part of an increase in percapita expenditures.

Table 10.-United States-Canadian Tourist Account, 1928-37

Prior to 1935, these estimates did not make adequate allowance for certain types of crossings, such as those by ferry and motorbus, the latter having become increasingly important during recent years. * Revised figure.

Canadian visitors to the United States who entered by automobile spent $49,000,000 in this country in 1937, or $5,000,000 more than in 1936. This increase in total expenditures was the consequence primarily of a rise in the number of automobiles entered from 690,000 in 1936 to 756,000 in 1937 and in the number of motor travelers. (including, again, numerous duplications) from 2,200,000 to 2,300,000 (see table II, appendix B).

year.

The number of United States travelers who entered Canada by means other than automobile in 1937 was 4,700,000, a figure considerably greater than the corresponding aggregate for 1936. Of the 1937 total, rail and steamer travelers numbering approximately 1,200,000 spent an estimated $65,000,000 in Canada, as compared with outlays of $54,000,000 by 1,100,000 travelers in this category in the preceding Other United States travelers in Canada, who crossed the border by bus, ferry, plane, or afoot, made expenditures placed at $27,000,000 in 1937, an increase of $7,000,000 over the corresponding estimate for 1936. A total of 400,000 Canadian rail and steamer travelers spent approximately $24,000,000 in the United States in 1937, as compared with $21,000,000 expended by 350,000 in 1936. A very numerous group of other crossers from Canada (approximately 8,500,000 persons in 1937) accounted for total expenditures in this country of $29,000,000 and $24,000,000 in the 2 years, respectively.

UNITED STATES-OVERSEA TOURIST ACCOUNT 42

The expenditures of United States travelers visiting oversea areas in 1937 were estimated at $269,000,000, as compared with $229,000,000

The United States-oversea tourist account is discussed in further detail in appendix B. 82138-38- -4

in 1936, and outlays by alien visitors to the United States from noncontiguous countries rose to $49,000,000 in 1937 from $45,000,000 in the preceding year. Net payments by residents of the United States to foreigners arising out of oversea travel increased therefore to $220,000,000 from $184,000,000 and contributed approximately 50 percent of total net payments to foreign countries on tourist account in 193637. The substantial increase in the expenditures of United States travelers in noncontiguous countries in 1937 was entirely the result of an increase in the outlays of citizens; expenditures abroad by alien residents of the United States were unchanged. Separate expenditure estimates for the various classes of oversea travel were shown in table 8.

Departures of United States citizens to oversea destinations numbered 366,000 in 1937 as compared with 320,000 in the preceding year, an increase of 15 percent. The trend in citizen oversea travel in 1937 changed abruptly, however, in the course of the year. During the period January-August, the percentage increase over the corresponding period of 1936 was 38, and travel in each of the 8 months exceeded that in the same month of 1936 (see table V, appendix B). Departures during each of the last 4 months of the year, on the other hand, were less than in the corresponding months of the preceding year, and the percentage decline during September-December was 24. In spite of this reversal in trend, oversea travel from this country by citizens in 1937 was half again as heavy as in 1933 but still considerably below the record volume of 441,000 in 1930.

Departures for Europe and the Mediterranean area rose from 170,000 in 1936 to 208,000 in 1937 or more than in proportion to the growth in total oversea travel, with the increase in departures for British, French, and Italian ports accounting for virtually the total rise. The special factors responsible for these developments were probably the attraction of the coronation ceremonies in London and of the exposition in Paris; the resumption of normal travel to Mediterranean ports (after a decline in 1936 attributed to unsettled conditions in certain countries); the lowering of travel costs in France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands as a result of currency adjustments; and the possible diversion of travel from less expensive tours in nearby oversea areas to more expensive tours in Europe and the Mediterranean area coincidental with the general rise in incomes in the United States and in outlays for vacation travel.

The evidence of departure data pertaining to the destinations of citizen travelers in oversea countries in 1936-37 was fully confirmed by collateral information obtained from questionnaire returns. These showed, for example, that the percentage of United States citizens traveling in Europe who visited France rose from 40 in 1936 to 58 in 1937, Italy from 17 to 31, Switzerland from 21 to 30, and the Netherlands from 13 to 22 (see table 11). Furthermore, the marked increases in the respective percentages of citizens visiting the European countries which principally attract United States tourists revealed that United States citizens traveling in Europe touched, on the average, a larger number of countries in 1937 than in the preceding year; but the average number of days spent in each was almost without exception reduced in comparison with that in 1936. These facts relate also to the change in the character of oversea travel in 1937, noted above in connection with the examination of passport declarations. They relate specifically