of the third Seal this latter application of the balance in the hand of the rider, I mean to the subordinate administrators of justice, (its administrators both judicially and executively,) was fixed alike by the absence of the crown from his head, and by those most significant words of charge and monition, addressed to him in the voice from the throne, about the price of corn, and against injustice, which Emperors" lege soluti never received, but Provincial Governors received perpetually; and of which I have fully spoken in my comment on the Seal.1

3. A word next, ere. I pass to my Roman imperial coins, on the two examples of the Provincial coinage, under the Republic and under the Emperors, exhibited in my two Cretan coins given at p. 136 of this Volume.-The Cydonian medal is of silver, and may very possibly be in date earlier than the epoch of Crete becoming a Province of the Roman Empire. If later it illustrates the fact of the permission, accorded very generally to the Provincial towns under the Republic, to strike their numos autonomos, as before. The obverse has on it a Woman's head adorned with flowers, and the inscription Nevayтos Eroe, designating the designer or coiner.-The other of the Cretan Apollo is of Roman imperial times it being struck, as was also that of the huntress Diana, referred to at the conclusion of my previous Paper in this Appendix, by the Kovo Kpnτw: which Kovov, like many others whose names appear on medals, were communities formed under the Emperors, with a view simply to the common celebration of public games and religious festivals.

This with special reference to Augustus, the supreme judge and legislator; whom he here supposes to have been born under the sign of the Libra, though others referred his birth to the sign of Capricorn. Elsewhere he connects with it judges and law advisers and administrators more generally.

Librantes noctem Chelæ cum tempore lucis,

Per nova maturi post annum tempora Bacchi,

Mensuræ et tribuent usus, et pondera rerum : ...

Hic etiam legum tabulas, et condita jura,

Et licitum sciet, et vetitum quæ pœna sequatur,
Perpetuum populi privato in limine Prætor.

Libra was the sign of Astræa, the heavenly goddess of justice.

1 From seeing the reverse only, (so as in Spanheim's smaller work,) and the inscription Leg. Pro. Pr. on it, I had originally supposed the coin with the balance to have been one stamped with the name of a Legatus Proprætore under the Emperors, It was struck, we see, just before the establishment of the empire under Augustus.

Eckhel gives a list of the various Kova formed about this period ; and mentions that the extant coins of this Cretan Kow extend from Tiberius to M. Aurelius inclusive: the Diana (and I think also the Apollo) being of the date of Adrian or Antoninus Pius; and thus nearly cotemporary with Nerva's coin of the Diana. I observe in Gessner, another characteristic coin of the Cretan Kooy, of Domitian's time the obverse presenting Domitian's head, with AqμT. Καισαρ; the reverse Κρητων Κo.voy, with a man holding a bow. Eckhel 2 adds the inscription on a very illustrative marble of the Lyttii of Crete, from Gruter; Ιερο Αγώνος Πενταετηρικό Του Κοινού Των KpTw; showing that the games of this Cretan Community were quinquennial.

:

4. Of Imperial coins of the first grand division of the history of the Roman Empire, from Augustus' accession to that of Constantine, five are engraven in the Hora; viz. those in my first Volume, at pp. 123, 133, 61, 131 respectively, of Augustus on horseback, of Claudius Drusus on a triumphal arch, of Titus on the destruction of Jerusalem, and of Nerva's head with the laurel crown : together with that of Maximian, given at p. 16 of my third Volume, which belongs to a kind of transition period between the two great historical and chronological divisions of the earlier and the later Empire. On the Nerva and the Titus there does not occur to me any thing needing observation.-The equestrian Augustus suggests a similar medal of Domitian, the reigning Emperor at the time of St. John's exile in Patmos, engraved in Patin's Numismata p. 157; one which represents that same equestrian statue to him, which in my Note ad loc. I stated to have been the subject of one of Statius' Odes. As regards the triumphal arc of Claudius Drusus, I must correct a slight inaccuracy in the notice of it in my Book. I had supposed the arc to have been built, or at least the medals which represent it to have been struck, about the time of Claudius Drusus' German victories. But, as Eckhel states, there is clear evidence that both the arc was raised, and the medals struck, in his honour, somewhat later, viz. under the reign of his son, the Emperor Claudius. There still exist both gold, silver, and brass medals, (the latter with

▲ Vol. iv. p. 428, &c.

p. 431.

3 Vol. vi. 176, 177.

the S. C.) which exhibit the triumphal arc. Eckhel thus describes

them :

Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus Imp.
laureatum, in aliis nudum.

Caput Drusi

De Germ. inscriptum arcui triumphali, super quo Drusi

statua equestris inter duo tropea.

And he cites Dion Cassius, stating that the honor of statues and triumphal arcs was decreed to Drusus after his death. This of course makes no difference with respect to the purport of the design on the arc. As regards medals struck on occasion of the Profectio Augusti to war, let me here mention one or two additional to those given in my Book; in further illustration of what I have stated in my Comment on the first Seal. First I may note one of Trajan's, described by Eckhel1 thus ;

Trajano Optimo Aug.

Profectio Augusti.

(Trajan's Head).

Imperator eques d. hastam gestans, præcedente figurâ militari, tribus sequentibus.

Which medal, he says, was struck on Trajan's going forth on his Parthian expedition. Patinus, at p. 176, gives another of Trajan, which exhibits that emperor galloping forth, and striking down an enemy; with the inscription round it, S. P. Q. R. Optimo Principi. Once more in Gessner, Tab. 164 N. 34, I observe a medal of Alexander Severus, struck on occasion of his going forth to war, of similar character: the emperor being depicted as galloping forth and striking down an enemy: Victory, with a crown preceding him, and a soldier following.-With regard to my fifth imperial medal of this class, that of Maximian,' it is needless to speak here; the full disquisition in the Appendix to my third Volume having reference to it.

5. Lastly there are my five Roman Imperial medals of the times from and after Constantine,-the Constantinian Labarum and Phœnix, the Valentinian with the diadem, the Theodosius with the globe-surmounting cross, and the much later Constantinopolitan coin, with the images of Christ and the Virgin-given either in this 1st or in the 3rd Volume.2 On three of these, viz. the Constantinian coins and that of Theodosius, as also on that of Maximian in the immediately preceding æra, the reader will observe at the bottom of the

1 Vol. vi. pp. 449, 452.

Vol. i. pp. 131, 215, 460; Vol. iii. p. 44.

coins, the marks of those Officina Monetales, which I spoke of in my first Head, as established about the close of the third century at different places throughout the Empire; ESIS, ASIS, TRP, TESOB. The Sis in the two first, signifies Siscia in Pannonia, a town on the Save, some fifty miles E.N.E of Trieste; the prefixt A and E designating the particular offices of the mint there established. The Tr of the second, indicates the mint at Treves in North Eastern Gaul, the P percussum, or struck. The intent of the Tesob is more doubtful; as also of Conob, another word of similar form, often found at the bottom of imperial coins of this period. I must refer the reader to Eckhel's discussion of the point, in the Section on the Officina Monetales near the end of his last Volume. -On the Labarum let me add that Dufresnoy in his Edition of Lactantius, Vol. ii. p. 191, gives a medal of Constantine, representing the same sign of the cross and monogram of Christ on the Emperor's helmet. On the Phanix it is to be observed that the coin exhibiting it is one of the Emperor Constans, son to the great Constantine. But Spanheim in his larger Work, i. 287, gives the engraving of another, judged by him to be one of Constantine's own; in which a military figure standing is depicted as presenting a globe surmounted with a radiated phenix to another, in military garb, sitting on a trophy; with the inscription Gloria Seculi, Virtus Cæsaris. And he explains the emblem with reference to the times of the Christian Emperors thus: "Phoenix velut novæ ac æternæ vitæ, aut novi quasi et fortunati seu aurei sæculi, symbolum est sub Christianis Cæsaribus frequentatum." In like manner Patinus: adverts in explanation, "ad religionem Christianam quam Constantinus M. propagaverat, filiique omni cultu prosequebantur." The symbol had previously been made use of by Hadrian, to signify the "golden age" of which his reign was a part. Which medal of Hadrian is thus described by Eckhel, Vol. vi. P. 508;

Imp. Cæsar. Trajan. Hadrianus. Aug. Protome laureata. Sac. Aur. P. M. TR. P. Cos. iii. Vir seminudus stans, et s. tenens globum cui phoenix insistit, d. circulum contingit quo totus ambitur.

And he observes on it; "Aversa hujus numi aureum imperante

Hadriano sæculum deprædicat :" the circulus of the coin being explained as signifying "orbem sæculi in se revoluti."-On the Theodosian coin I have to remark that the symbol of a globe surmounted by the cross appears to have been first introduced on coins by the Emperor Jovian, immediately after the fall of the Pagan Julian: i. e. a few years before the great Theodosius, to whom I had ascribed the introduction of the symbol. Eckhel in his last Volume discusses and illustrates this point: and he mentions that although Jovian first introduced it on the coinage, yet in a statue of the great Constantine at Constantinople, it appears by the report of Nicephorus Callistus to have been some little time before similarly applied; a golden sphere with the cross upon it being held in the right hand of the statue.-Finally, with regard to the latest Roman Imperial Coin given by me, and which indeed might rather be called a Greek Imperial coin,-I mean that of the Emperor John Zimisces with an image of the Virgin,-Eckhel explains the upraised arms of the Virgin as depicted in sign of her acting the protector and he observes further that in coins both of Romanus Diogenes and Constantine XII the inscription occurs "Mistress, save!" or, "Mother of God, help!" and that on the coins of Michael VIII. and Andronicus II. her image appears surrounded by the walls of Constantinople, of which she was the recognized patroness and defender.2

1 Previously from the time of Augustus, a globe had been frequently depicted in the Emperor's hand surmounted by a Victory. So in a medal of Julian's given by Patinus p. 482. At length, says Eckhel, viii. 506, "globo, dejectâ Victoria imagine, imposita crux ; argumento ejus virtute non veterem modo superstitionem, sed imperii etiam hostes fuisse profligatos." And at p. 147, after describing a medal of Jovian's, where the "Imperator paludatus stans d. labarum, in quo monogramma Christi, s. globum cum Victoriolá," he proceeds: "Iidem Joviani numi jam globum imminente Victoriâ, jam globum crucigerum offerunt. Prior modus ex vetere religione est; hic ex novâ, et nunc primum comparet."-He then quotes from Nicephorus' H. E. vii. 49 the passage about Constantine's statue; in which however the historian, it seems, foolishly took the globe or sphere to be an apple: xpuσeov unλov μέγισον τη δεξια κατεχων χειρι, επανω τον τιμιον κατεπηγνυ ςαυρον.

2 "Secundùm Christum maximus in hujus ævi numis honos habitus Virgini Deipara. Pingitur in numis placido ac tranquillo statu, aut stans expansis ad protegendum manibus, vel sedens et infantem Christum in sinu gerens. Inscriptiones sunt Δέσποινα Σωζοις, in numo Constantini xii. Monomachi; vel Θεοτοκ. Βοηθ. ‘Ρωμανῳ, Romani iv Diogenis. Frequentissina est sigla MP. v, id est MηTηp Oεov. Singularis est imago Deiparæ mænibus urbis Constantinopolitanæ circumdata; quam. vide in numis Michaelis viii. et Andronici ii. Palæologorum." Eckhel viii. 506.

HISTO

OF