"Reserve your fire till they come within fifty yards, then fire and give them the bayonet, and when you charge, yell like furies."

Then for the first time in that war was heard the "rebel yell," when 1,900 of Jackson's men sprang forward with bayonets. Backward down the hill went the Federal brigade. But again they stormed up, again and again. And then, when the battle was still in the balance, the rest of Johnston's army from Winchester came upon the field-3,000 men. Suddenly General Early's brigade of Confederates, fresh and strong, burst out of the woods in the rear of the Federal right, a dire surprise to the exhausted Union men. Instantly panic began with the cry, "Johnston's army has come. We are beaten!" With fearful swiftness the cry rolled through the Union masses. Thus the battle suddenly ended.

Backward by road and wood path, across fields and ditches, the Federals retreated, each minute terror and disorganization smashing the army that had so nearly won a victory. Many ran at full speed; others staggered desperately; all went over Bull Run in rout and all that night thousands kept on retreating in terror, though no enemy pursued. Back they fled to the intrenchments at Arlington and Alexandria.

The name Bull Run marks the most disastrous defeat the military forces of the United States ever suffered.

The Union loss was 481 men killed, 1,011 wounded and 1,460 prisoners.

The Confederates reported a loss of 387 killed and 1,582 wounded.

As the story of Bull Run is told, even to-day in cities and towns of the South, they say truly, "It was 'Stonewall' Jackson's fight!"

July 22 (1890)-Patent for color photography granted to Frederick E. Ives (born at Litchfield, Conn., Feb. 17, 1856), the inventor, year 1890.

July 23 (1885)—U. S. Grant died at Mount McGregor, near Saratoga, N. Y., year 1885. (See Birthday of U. S. Grant, April 27.)

July 24 (1847)-Brigham Young, leading a company of Mormons numbering 143 men, two women and two children, entered Great Salt Lake valley and founded Utah at Salt Lake City, year 1847. The anniversary is celebrated in Utah as "Pioneer's Day," a legal holiday.

July 24 (1896)—First national convention of the People's Party ("Populists") at St. Louis, Mo., year 1896. William J. Bryan was nominated for President and Thomas E. Watson of Georgia for Vice-President.

July 25 (1814)-Battle of Lundy's Lane (near Niagara Falls on the Canadian side), year 1814. Gen. Jacob Brown (American, 3,000 men) vs. Gen. Sir George Gordon Drummond (British, 4,500 men). A drawn battle; victory was claimed by both sides. The advantage later went to the British who took possession of the battlefield. American loss 852 killed, wounded and missing. British loss, 878. Excepting the Battle of New Orleans, this was the bloodiest battle of the War of 1812.

July 25 (1891)-Smokeless powder first used by the War Department of the United States, year 1891. The occasion was an experiment at the gun proving grounds of Sandy Hook, N. J.

July 26 (1758)-Louisburg, a French fortress upon the Island of Cape Breton, Can., captured by a land force of 12,000 men (New England militia and British regulars) and a fleet of forty ships, after a siege of fifty days, year 1758 (French and Indian War). The French garrison lost 1,500 men, killed and wounded and 5,000 were made prisoners. The British commander was General Sir Jeffrey Amherst aided by Gen. James Wolfe. The capture of this fortress gave to England all the region of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and it has since remained in her possession. After the capture of the fortress, 6,000

French settlers, called "Acadians," were forcibly taken from their homes and transported to the various English colonies, along the entire Atlantic coast and their lands given to English settlers. This dispersal of these people was the theme of Longfellow's poem "Evangeline."

July 26 (1759)-Ticonderoga, N. Y., a strong French fortress, abandoned to the British, year 1759.

July 27 (1915)-First direct wireless telegraph communication between the United States and Japan established, year 1915.

July 28 (1862)—First official railway mail car trial, year 1862. The scheme was invented by William A. Davis, postmaster of St. Joseph, Mo. The first mail car was improvised out of an ordinary baggage coach; pigeon holes and baggage pouches were arranged in it. The run was from Hannibal, Mo., to St. Joseph on the Hannibal & St. Joseph Ry. It was an immediate success and the idea was at once adopted for all trunk railroads. Montgomery Blair of Missouri was at that time postmaster general in President Lincoln's cabinet.

July 29 (1868)-Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution proclaimed by President Johnson, year 1868. It is known as the "Reconstruction Amendment." It had been ratified by twenty-three Northern States. It was rejected by Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland and ten Confederate States. California did not take any action. Subsequently, under pressure by the "reconstruction" State administrations, the ten Southern States ratified, thus giving more than the required three-fourths in favor of the amendment.

July 30 (1619)-Twenty-two "burgesses" elected from the settlements of Virginia, met in the church at Jamestown, Va., and drew up a code of laws for the colony of Virginia, year 1619. This was the first colonial legislative assembly in America.

July 31 (1667)--Treaty of Breda, Holland, signed by representatives of England, France, Holland and Denmark, year 1667. Acadia (Nova Scotia) was given to France, and New York and New Jersey were confirmed to England.

AUGUST

August 1 (1790)-First National census was begun, year 1790.

car in the world

The inventor of

Aug. 1 (1873)-First cable street operated at San Francisco, year 1873. the cable system was Andrew Hallidie. The system was introduced in Chicago in 1881, New York and Philadelphia in 1883, London in 1884.

Aug. 1 (1876)-Colorado was admitted into the Union, year 1876.

Aug. 2 (1858)-The Lecompton Constitution-so named from a town in Kansas where the pro-slavery party met in 1857 and drew up the document, was rejected by the people of Kansas at a special election, year 1858. This constitution contained a clause which provided that "the rights of property in slaves now in the Territory shall in no manner be interfered with." The verdict of the people at this election was ignored by President Buchanan and the Democratic majority in Congress, who so hastened the outbreak of the Civil War.

Aug. 3 (1492)-Christopher Columbus sailed from Palos, Spain, on his first voyage to America, year 1492. (See Discovery of America, Oct. 12.)

Aug. 4 (1759)-Crown Point, N. Y., strong French fortress, abandoned to British under Gen. Amherst, year 1759.

Aug. 4 (1781)-Isaac Hayne hanged by order of the British commandant Lord Rawdon at Charleston, S. C., year 1781. He was a prominent citizen of South Carolina. He had served in the American army at the siege of Charleston in May 1780 and was taken prisoner by the British. He signed a paper declaring that he would not again take up arms against Great Britain, stipulating that he should not be called to bear arms in support of Great Britain in the war. Later, he was summoned to