yours, as you go along, will assume the responsibility, because I have a very definite feeling that the Congress, in order that we may get a very uniform and workable method of procedure, should take the lead in this matter. The things that we learned when we went over all of these records that were provided for us by Selective Service and the armed services have given us the real feeling that there is only one place to begin, so that we don't again witness the sad spectacle that was presented at the beginning of this war, and that is to go clear down at the bottom and start up. Let's bring these children along on a program that will be attractive enough so that they will be glad to follow, and then I think we will make headway.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Then, I had one other thought that I wanted to leave here, and I put it at the end of my paper, and that is a thought that I believe should be given very serious consideration. I refer to the proposition that means should be found for the boys and the girls of this country to take advantage, as a wind-up to physical education, of a year's service in some governmental department, the Army, the Navy, the Forestry Service, the Public Health Service, or any of the agencies that would give these youngsters an opportunity to see something about our Government and also to learn something about discipline by working in one of our good organizations. I believe that would do a great deal toward advancing the responsibility of American youth. I can think of nothing finer than the work that I have seen among those young men who have been lucky enough to get into our Park Services for a few months, or the Forestry Service for a few months, and certainly the armed forces have much to recommend them to any youngster who is in the formative period.

I think that is something that ought to be given very careful consideration. And again, getting away from that bugbear of regimentation, there would be nothing about such a plan that would lean that

way.

Senator PEPPER. In relation to that suggestion, would you care to express any opinion on whether it would be in the national interest for the National Government to aid in making available something like summer camp opportunities to the children of the Nation?

Admiral MCINTIRE. That should come right in your physical education program, Senator, without question. Yes, no question about that, as well as making available various forms of occupation as the youngsters come along in years; for example, work, we will say, in what we on the west coast have so long gone into, the lumber industry. There is a great deal there that could be done, where the youngster could be employed usefully as well as healthfully.

Senator PEPPER. Well, there might be periodic C. C. C. training and work. That is, the C. C. C. camps, or the principle, might be revived, and it might be true that it would make a great health contribution, as well as promote conservation.

Admiral MCINTIRE. Yes, indeed. I think that is a logical thing, without question. I think that should be one of the definite parts of your program, and that would be one of the attractive features that would make it work.

Senator PEPPER. In other words, a boy or girl might be given a choice of various programs that the Government might aid in, that the States might aid in also. It might be the Park Service. It might be the Forestry Service. It might be, say, lifeguard duty or that sort of thing, to give them access to the ocean, and summer camp activities. A while ago when Colonel Rowntree was on the stand I remembered that I had heard certain people, and I regret to say that they were not all out of Congress, belittling the suggestion that Mr. Kelly made some time ago about encouraging various outdoor games for our citizens. Some poked fun at that idea and said it was silly.

Admiral McINTIRE. I don't think it was silly at all.

Senator PEPPER. Whatever the Government can do to encourage the Nation to be healthy is a contribution to national security. Admiral McINTIRE. There isn't any question about it.

Senator PEPPER. Well, Admiral, we thank you very much for your statement and your kindness in coming.

TESTIMONY OF MAJ. GEN. GEORGE F. LULL, DEPUTY SURGEON GENERAL, UNITED STATES ARMY

Senator PEPPER. Now, General Lull, have you any comments along the same lines or others that you care to make?

General LULL. I have two charts here that have been prepared. I think these two charts show what can be done.

Senator PEPPER. Excuse me. Your initials are what?

General LULL. G. F.

Senator PEPPER. Maj. Gen. G. F. Lull, representing Maj. Gen. Norman T. Kirk, Surgeon General of the Army.

General LULL. This first chart (see fig. 5), for instance, shows the amount of corrective work that has been done in the Army. In the way of dental work, for instance, 14,000,000 cases were treated with

31,000,000 fillings, a million and a half bridges and dentures. A hundred and thirty-eight thousand venereals were inducted and treated; 25,900 hernias were operated on. I might say that in the operations for hernia there were 7 deaths reported.

Now, the 25,900 hernia operations represent all the hernia operations performed in the continental limits of the United States. These were not all men inducted with a hernia and then operated on. Some of them developed acutely; there are various types of hernia. Over 133,600 illiterates were inducted and sent to special courses of training before they were brought into the regular training program.

I think, other than my prepared statement and what Admiral McIntire has said I have very little to say, Senator. He has covered most of the ground. I think that if any corrective measures are to be taken they must be started at the very low level, with the child, before we can get any appreciable results.

(The statement referred to above is as follows:)

STATEMENT BY MAJ. GEN. GEORGE F. LULL, DEPUTY SURGEON General, UNITED STATES ARMY, IN THE ABSENCE OF MAJ. GEN. NORMAN T. KIRK, THE SURGEON GENERAL

PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEFECTS

The following is the statistical report for the year 1943:

Number examined__

Number inducted into Army

Number inducted into Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard_

Total inducted..

Number rejected.

Percent rejected..

36

The Army certificate of disability for discharge rates have run rather high, particularly during last summer and fall. The greatest number of such discharges occurred within the first 3 months of service, which tends to indicate that certain mental and physical defects were missed in the induction examinations.

PERSONNEL

There are in the Army approximately 43,000 medical officers, 15,000 dental officers, 2,000 veterinary officers, 15,000 Medical Administrative Corps officers, 2,000 Sanitary Corps officers, and 40,000 nurses. To make up for the shortage of medical officers, some 12,000 selected soldiers have been graduated from the officer candidate schools operated by the Medical Department and commissioned in the Medical Administrative Corps. These lay assistants act as registrars, adjutants, mess officers, and administrators in our hospitals, at home and overseas, relieving medical officers for professional work. A saving of some 2,000 more medical officers will be effected by the assignment of Medical Administrative Corps officers as assistants to battalion surgeons. Following a study begun last November, a school was started, and some 1,200 of these men have already been graduated for assignment to tactical units.

Selected and trained specialists have been commissioned in the Sanitary Corps and do work ordinarily done by doctors in laboratories and hospitals, such as chemists and bacteriologists, and sanitary engineers in the field.

There are approximately 500,000 enlisted men in the Medical Department. Some 80,000 of these have graduated from Medical Department technical schools where they have been trained as X-ray, laboratory, dental, and medical and surgical technicians. Many others have been trained at the medical replacement training centers as cooks, chauffeurs, mechanics, clerks, and administrative noncommissioned officers.

HEALTH OF THE ARMY

The health of our wartime Army has been better than it was at any time during peace. Fortunately, we have had no epidemics. The records show that only 3 percent of the men who are wounded die of their wounds. The other 97 percent

survive. The Army's over-all death rate from disease is 0.6 per thousand per annum, this despite the fact that our Army is fighting on all fronts in the world, in all climates, and exposed to all diseases. The death rate for pneumonia before the advent of the sulfa drugs was 24 percent. The present rate in the Army is 0.7 percent. The rate of death from meningitis, which 40 years ago killed 80 percent of those contracting it, was reduced to 38 percent in the World War and, through the use of sulfa drugs, has now been reduced to 4.2 percent. The admission rate for tuberculosis has been reduced from 12.0 per thousand per annum in the World War to 1.2 in the present war. (See figure 6.)

one thousand soldiers

The program for the induction of individuals with venereal disease was officially inaugurated in October 1942. Statistics available up to and including April 1944 are as follows:

Includes chancroid, granuloma inguinale, and lymphogranuloma venereum. In addition to the above venereals inducted, a large number were examined and rejected because of complications of their diseases.

In order to carry out this induction program, special venereal hospitals were built at each of the 34 reception centers, with a total of 6,510 beds. Inductees having venereal disease were referred to these hospitals, where they were examined and treated. Individuals with gonorrhea, chancroid, etc., were cured and returned to the reception centers for processing and assignment. Individuals with syphilis were given several treatments, the syphilis register initiated, and they were sent back to the reception centers for assignment, treatment being completed in the field while on duty.

From the figures on hand, it is believed that the backlog of individuals with syphilis who are eligible for induction is practically exhausted.

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE

Our Army is vaccinated against smallpox, typhoid, paratyphoid, and tetanus. Typhoid fever, which was the scourge of armies until 1912, has been reduced to insignificance. One million died of typhus after World War I in the Balkans. There have been no deaths from typhus in our Army yet this disease is endemic in North Africa. There has been no tetanus in the vaccinated in our Army. Vaccination against yellow fever has prevented any incidence of this disease. Vaccination is available when there is danger of exposure to cholera and plague. Insects, as disease carriers, comprise a great menace. We have developed the Freon pyrethrum bomb which, upon the turning of a spigot, will spray a plane, tent, or barrack, killing all flies, mosquitoes, and bedbugs in the area treated. This spray is nontoxic to man.

Repellents have been developed which, if placed on the face, hands, and other exposed parts of the body, will repel certain insects for a limited time."

A new powder (DDT) has been developed for killing all lice. Clothing may be impregnated with it and, though laundered, will retain it in sufficient quantity and strength to have killing effect for 3 weeks. It may be sprayed down the neck of the shirt and up the sleeves and trouser legs. It was the use of this powder that enabled the United States Typhus Commission to prevent the development of an epidemic in Naples. This powder is also an excellent insecticide for the destruction of flies.

Special commissions under outstanding entomologists and other civilian doctors, acting as consultants to the Secretary of War, have visited various theaters overseas as well as at home, and are studying scrub typhus, the cause of disease and death in the Southwest Pacific, infectious jaundice in North Africa and Italy, influenza in the United States, and many other infectious diseases.

Pamphlets have been prepared for instruction of troops in personal hygiene and sanitation to aid in the prevention of diseases transmitted by insects.

HERNIA

At the present time men with hernias are being accepted for military service and these hernias are repaired in our military hospitals. During 1943 our records showed that there were approximately 25,900 operations for various types of hernia in the continental United States with only 7 deaths which is equivalent to a case fatality rate of about 3 per 10,000.

HOSPITALIZATION

During the training period some 370,000 hospital beds were available in station and general hospitals. Construction was based on a load of 4 percent beds for camps and stations in order to hospitalize the sick and wounded during the training period. When camps are discontinued the hospitals at those camps are also discontinued. At all the smaller camps and many of the larger ones the hospital construction is of the same temporary type as the barracks and cannot be used advantageously when the troops from the camps are moved overseas.

Some 60 named general hospitals have been constructed in the United States with a bed capacity of over 100,000. The basis for this construction was arrived at by furnishing this type of bed for 1 percent of all troops in training in the United States and, in addition, 1.7 percent of troops overseas. The number of beds in these named general hospitals has never met the high numerical requirement which will probably hold in 1945. At that time there will be some 5,000,000 men overseas for whom 1.7 percent of beds should be available plus 1 percent for the total strength of the Army at home. Plans have been made to use certain station hospitals and convalescent facilities in various service commands to house these patients and thus save critical material and labor which would be required to build additional general hospital beds.

All casualties returning from overseas are admitted to named general hospitals. Certain of these hospitals have been staffed and designated for the specialized care of certain types of patients; for example, amputations, neurosurgery, thoracic surgery, vascular surgery, plastic surgery, neuropsychiatric, tuberculosis, deep X-ray and radium therapy, special treatment of the deaf and the blind. In addition, special hospitals have been designated for the treatment of prisoners of war. There are certain named general hospitals in the vicinities of certain ports which have been designated as "debarkation hospitals," to receive patients from overseas, sort them and distribute them, either by air or rail, to the specialized center or general hospital nearest the home of the individual patient, provided