nents was noticeable. Every one of his Presbyterian adversaries was honored with a title. Bishop Purcell of the Catholic church was made an archbishop. Concerning these degrees, Campbell wrote: "We are always pleased and feel ourselves honored by the theological promotion of our opponent."'"

A third means of spreading the doctrines was

by the press. The Christian Baptist, 1823-1830, probably created a greater stir than any other work of the same general character. It was intensely iconoclastic as might be judged from the original dedication:

"To all those, without distinction, who acknowledge the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments to be a Revelation from God; and the New Testament as containing the Religion of Jesus Christ.

"Who, willing to have all religious tenets and practices tried by the Divine Word; and who feeling themselves in duty bound to search the Scriptures for themselves, in matters of Religion, are disposed to reject all doctrines and commandments of men, to obey the truth, hold fast the faith once delivered to the Saints-this work is most respectfully and affectionately dedicated by The Editor.'' 41

The new paper dealt with all kinds of doctrinal questions, and with matters of a historical nature. It was, however, primarily destructive; hence it aroused opposition, and many good Baptists, who had subscribed to the publication, ordered their subscription discontinued. Thus, one man wrote in

40 Millennial Harbinger, II,, 451.

41 Dedication page of the Christian Baptist, August 8, 1823.

1823: "I request you to send me the Christian Baptist no more, my conscience is wounded that I should have subscribed for such a work. It is a religious incendiary and will do a world of mischief."" At the close of 1829, Campbell discontinued this paper and began the publication of the Millennial Harbinger, a magazine twice as large. After 1836, he was aided in this work by Richardson, and later by Pendleton and others. Campbell continued to edit the new magazine, however, until 1865, but his iconoclastic methods were gradually laid aside, and the publication became constructive in character. The doctrinal teaching of these papers" has already been sufficiently indicated by reference to the fact that Baptists were excommunicated for reading them. The papers, nevertheless, were freely circulated, and converts to the views of the new movement were made by the hundreds and thousands. The Baptist ministers of Kentucky were so tolerant of what they found in the early numbers of the Christian Baptist that they even helped circulate it. This was probably due, however, to the result of the MacCalla-Campbell Debate, and the fact that the Baptists had not yet had time to become thoroughly acquainted with its contents." A paper less influential than the ones edited by Campbell was the Christian Messenger, edited by Barton

42 Gates, E. The Disciples of Christ, 121.

43 The position held in the early period by these two papers was taken in part by the Christian Standard when Isaac Errett assumed the editorship in 1866.

44 Richardson, R. Memoirs of Alexander Campbell, II., 89.

W. Stone, which was first issued in 1826. After six years John T. Johnson became associate editor. This editorial connection was dissolved in 1834, when Stone moved to Jacksonville, Illinois. The publication of the paper was continued, nevertheless, with some intermissions until 1843 at Jacksonville."

Alexander Campbell's work was not entirely confined to the publication of papers. His version of the New Testament based on the work of George Campbell, Macknight, and Doddridge ran through six editions. He published a hymnal, a work on baptism, a volume of popular lectures and addresses, and The Christian System. These were the most important, but in all about sixty volumes came from his pen." Prior to the Civil War, few Disciples had published works. Aside from Campbell's writings, the most important book was Walter Scott's The Messiahship.“

In the early days, as now, many preachers were largely interested in educational work. The four greatest leaders of the "Reformation" movement— Thomas Campbell, Alexander Campbell, Barton W. Stone, and Walter Scott-all spent much time as teachers. In fact, the Campbells were more noted for their teaching ability than for their evangelistic zeal. Both father and son had taught in Ireland, and both taught here. The latter opened Buffalo

45 Rogers, J. R. The Cane Ridge Meeting House, 201. 46 McLean, A. Thomas and Alexander Campbell, 27.

"Millennial Harbinger, II., 415.

Academy in his own home in 1818, but his real educational work did not begin until the founding of Bethany College, which was chartered in January, 1840, and opened in October of the same year with the founder as its first president." Concerning his hopes and aspirations with regard to this college, Campbell wrote just before its establish

ment:

"Having now completed fifty years, and on my way to sixty, the greater part of which time I have been engaged in literary labors and pursuits, and imagining that I possess some views and attainments which I can in this way render permanently useful to this community and posterity, I feel in duty bound to offer this project to the consideration of all the friends of literature, morality and unsectarian Bible Christianity. I am willing to bestow much personal labor without any charge in getting up this institution, and also to invest a few thousand dollars in it; provided only our brethren-the rich and opulent especially-and those who have children to educate, will take a strong hold of it, and determine to build up an establishment that may be made to themselves, their children and many others a lasting and a comprehensive blessing."'"

Many people have thought that the location of Bethany College was a mistake, but this is not evident. The school, of course, had to be west of the Alleghenies, for the people from whom it would draw its students were there. Keeping this fact in mind, it will be seen that Bethany possessed decided advantages. It was in Brooke County, Virginia,

48 Richardson, R. Memoirs of Alexander Campbell, II., 469. 40 Ibid., II., 469.

now West Virginia, forty miles south of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and seven miles from Wellsburg, on the Ohio River. Since there were very few railroads then, travel was principally confined to the waterways. The college surroundings were excellent. The clear waters of the Buffalo, the rugged mountains, the picturesque valleys, and the giant forests made Bethany an ideal spot for student life. Moreover, its isolation was a safeguard against the corruptions of city life. Then, too, it was near the center of population, and in close touch with it. At the present time a trolley line connects Bethany with Wellsburg."

Bethany College grew steadily. At the second meeting of the Board of Trustees, May 10, 1841, four professors were appointed-W. K. Pendleton (who had just married Campbell's daughter, Lavinia), Andrew F. Ross, Charles Stewart, and Robert Richardson." Campbell gave most of his time to the new institution, and made many tours in its behalf, besides giving it money liberally. Thus, in the fall, 1842, he visited the cities of Richmond, Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York in the interests of the college, and obtained important additions to its philosophical and chemical apparatus, bought a thousand volumes for its library, and received donations and subscriptions amounting to $5000."

50 Davis, M. M. The Restoration Movement of the Nineteenth Contury, 199, 200.

51 Richardson, R. Memoirs of Alexander Campbell, II., 470. Ibid., II., 497, 498.