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THROUGH ROUTES: Passenger carriers have no duty under sec. 216 (a) to estab-
lish through routes merely to enable a connecting line to share in transportation
which they can perform, and provisions of sec. 216 (e) as to prescription of through
routes require more than mere showing that additional routes would be created.
Wolzinger v. Burlington Transp. Co., 51 (54);

-Prescription of through routes and joint fares between points on complainant's
circuitous route from Los Angeles to Salt Lake City and points beyond on lines
of defendants having more direct single or join routes from Los Angeles was not
warranted when defendants' facilities and service were adequate and additional
route would deprive them of some traffic, whereas lack of through routes had not
affected complainant's raffic. That complainant's lower fares to Salt Lake City
resulted in combinations lower than defendants joint fares and procured it some
through traffic did not establish need for prescription of through routes. Id. (53).

VOLUME OF TRAFFIC: Authority for year-round sedan service to vacation
resort was justified by overcrowding of trains and busses on week ends and holi-
days, and by absence of other suitable service for family groups or infirm persons.
Greenfield Com Car. Applic., 555 (561);

-But authority for bus service to a resort area was denied when established
carriers were able to handle normal traffic. Wartime congestion and shortage
of equipment on week ends and holidays tended at most to show merely a tem-
porary need for additional service. Royal Cadillac Service, Inc., Com. Car.
Applic., 247 (259).

PASSES. See COMPETITION.

PERMITS. See CONTRACT CARRIERS; OPERATION (Temporary).

PICK-UP AND DELIVERY. See COST OF SERVICE (Apportionment); DIFFER-
ENTIAL RATES; TERMINAL AREAS.

POLICY. See INVESTIGATION AND SUSPENSION.

POOL TRUCK SHIPMENTS. See DESTINATION.
PRACTICE OF LAW. See APPEARANCES; WITNESSES.

PRACTICES. See BROKERS (Fees); COMPETITION; TRANSIT.
PREFERENCE AND PREJUDICE.

See ASSEMBLING AND DISTRIBUTION

RATES; BULKY ARTICLES; Groups and Group RATES; USE.
PRESUMPTIONS. See BURDEN OF PROOF; CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY
(Proof); DIVISIONS OF RATES; RATE COMPARISONS; TRANSIT.

PRICES. Rationing and ceiling prices on shoes did not warrant their exclusion
from general rate increase. While not all other commodities were rationed,
nearly all were subject to price ceilings. and their manufacturers were faced with
same conditions. Increased Com. Car. Truck Rates in New England, 13 (20).
PRIVATE CARRIERS. Definition and Tests of StATUS: Although private-
carrier definition in sec. 203 (a) follows the definitions of common and contract
carriers, which it specifically excludes from the private-carrier class, and which
therefore must be considered first, no conclusion as to their application need be
reached before the private-carrier definition can even be considered. Kline Contr.
Car. Applic., 451 (455).

All issues of for-hire versus private carriage should be determined on basis of
the operator's primary business and receipt of compensation identifiable as for
transportation is not controlling. Id. (456);

-Applicant primarily engaged in supplying a paper mill with pulpwood was
a private carrier in transporting it from point of purchase to the mill. Marcellus
Contr. Car. Applic., 128 (129);

-Applicant which had curtailed its own quarry operations during the war and
purchased stone for resale, under an agency arrangement, was a private carrier
in making deliveries to its customers, as such arrangement was temporary and

not an abandonment of its primary business. Moreover, 90 percent of its inter-
state business involved no transportation, and such as it performed was incidental
to its stone business and not for profit. John S. Teeter & Sons, Inc., Com. Car.
Applic., 200;

-Transportation of dress materials from jobbers' premises in N. Y. to appli-
cant's plant in N. J., and of finished dresses to the jobbers, was private carriage
incidental to his primary business as a dress manufacturer. He received no
compensation identifiable as for transportation, since cost of operating his truck
was included in his price quotations as nonproductive expense, regardless of
whether any transportation was performed. Klien Contr. Car. Applic., 451 (456).
PROCEDURE. See DAMAGES; INVESTIGATION AND SUSPENSION.
PROFIT FACTOR IN REASONABLENESS: The general rate level should be
adjusted to permit profitable operations in the future, and not to reimburse
carriers for past losses. Increased Com. Car. Truck Rates in New England, 13
(22).

A carrier operating at a loss cannot do so indefinitely without impairing or
destroying its ability to render an essential common-carrier service, and should
be permitted to increase its rates. Increased Rates. Hayes Frt. Lines, 173 (182).
PROTEST. See BROKERS (Proof, etc.); CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY (Proof).
PUBLIC INTEREST. See CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY (In General);
INSURANCE.

PURCHASE. See also COMMON CARRIERS (Qualifications); HEARING; RAIL AND
MOTOR. Sale of "grandfather" claims and substitution of vendee as applicant
is approved without passing on rights which may ultimately be confirmed. and
without determining whether operation over claimed routes has been continuous
since the "grandfather" date. Southeastern Motor Lines, Inc., Com. Car.

Applic.. 37 (39).

When petition for reopening of purchase proceeding indicated intent of parties
to embrace in the transaction all “grandfather" rights which might be confirmed
in vendor, and not merely those previously confirmed and authorized to be sold
to vendee, purchase of additional rights confirmed in reopened "grandfather"
proceeding was approved. Wallace Com. Car. Applic., 307 (308, 313).
QUESTIONNAIRES. See EVIDENCE (Hearsay).

RADIAL AND NONRADIAL OPERATIONS. See ROUTES.

RAIL AND MOTOR. COORDINATION: Specification of key points on connect-
ing authorized routes, beyond termini of proposed route, in restricting extension
authority to prevent all-motor operation between points on the combined routes,
did not go beyond scope of extension application and would not diminish appli-
cant's rights over combined routes. Rock Island Motor Transit Co., Ext.-
Trenton, Mo., 470 (474).

Although removal of restrictions against operation of all-motor service by
railroad subsidiary over its combined routes was not warranted, key-point condi-
tion was substituted for rail-haul condition when the latter prevented elimination
of way-freight train service. Id. (474. 475).

When approval of purchases of operating rights by railroad subsidiary reserved
right to impose future restrictions to confine service to rail-auxiliary, operation of
independent motor service over routes so acquired was unauthorized and should
be discontinued. Campbell Sixty-Six Exp., Inc., v. Frisco Transp Co., 641 (647,
653);

-Failure to impose precise restrictions on operation under the purchased
rights was unimportant to lawfulness of the independent motor service. in view
of that reservation and reference in the certificates to orders in the purchase
proceedings. Id. (653);

-Carrier described proposed service as auxiliary; and purchases would have
been disapproved had that limitation not been understood. As carrier in effect
agreed to such limitation, no particular restriction appeared necessary, and while
there might have been uncertainty as to manner of operating such a service, it
clearly did not embrace motor carriage independent of rail service. Id. (651.
653);

-But unrestricted operation over other purchased routes was not unlawful
when approval was not conditioned on performance of auxiliary service exclu-
sively, and subsequent decisions confirming vendor's "grandfather" rights did
not restrict certificates issued to defendant as successor. Id. (645, 653).

When need was not shown for independent motor service over extension route,
but merely for expedited service to smaller rail stations authority was restricted
to transportation of railroad traffic on rail billing and rates; but key-point condi-
tion was not imposed, in view of applicant's unrestricted authority between
principal points on existing routes. Burlington Transp. Co. Ext.-Ill., Iowa,
and Mo., 729 (737).

Extension of service for handling of package freight where train service was
slower, more expensive, and less practical would benefit both applicant railroad
and the public. While partial coordination of service by applicant and independ-
ent motor carriers, in conformity with O. D. T. requirements, had effected some
improvements over all-rail service, it was less efficient, expeditious, and econom-
ical than if applicant controlled both the rail and the motor service, and was,
moreover, an emergency measure the continuance of which Commission had
neither power nor justification to compel. Illinois Central R. Co. Ext.-Iowa,
Minn., and S. Dak., 767 (768, 774).

RATE COMPARISONS. See also ASSEMBLING AND DISTRIBUTION RATES;
CLASS RATES: DISTANCE.

LONG-AND-SHORT-HAUL RATES: Lower charges for longer interterritorial hauls
than for shorter intraterritorial hauls over same routes were prima facie unreason-
able and required special justification. Minimum Charges in Central Territory,
145 (156).

TERRITORIES: Minimum charge on shipments between central and New
England and trunk-line territories should not be lower, distance considered,
than within central territory. Minimum Charges in Central Territory, 145 (146).
TRUCKLOAD WITH LESS THAN TRUCKLOAD: Although third-class rating on
shoes appeared fairly related to average densities for civilian and army shoes,
latter moved in truckloads whereas shipments of civilian shoes averaged about
1,000 pounds. A basis somewhat lower would be appropriate for any such
sustained t. 1. movement. Boots, Shoes, and Paints in New England, 627 (629).
RATIONING. See PRICES.

REASONABLENESS (RATES, FARES, AND CHARGES). See also COST
OF SERVICE; DAMAGES; INCREASED RATES; MINIMUM WEIGHTS; TARIFF
CIRCULARS; and particular rates or services.

LOSS AND DAMAGE: Increased exceptions rating on paints in glass containers,
in quantities under 6,000 pounds, and restriction of t. 1. and 1. t. 1. commodity
rates not to apply to shipments in glass, found not justified when no specific data
were presented as to greater susceptibility to damage than for shipments in metal
cans or greater time required for loading and unloading, and higher density of
shipments in glass should yield greater revenue. Boots, Shoes, and Paints in
New England, 627 (638).
REFRIGERATION.

See AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES; SPECIAL SERVICES.
REGULATIONS OF COMMISSION. See also TARIFF CIRCULARS.
CHARTERED OR SPECIAL PARTIES: Rule VI: Campus Travel, Inc., Com. Car.
Applic., 421 (425).

INSURANCE AND SURETY BONDS: Rule VIII amended to require that insurance
companies providing coverage be authorized to do business in all States in which
carrier is authorized to operate, except that complete coverage may be provided
by different companies covering separate States; and that each company must
meet prescribed minimum financial standard for stock corporations or nonstock
organizations. Motor Carrier Insurance for Protection of Public, 355 (367).

TRANSFER OF OPERATING RIGHTS: Rule 2 (c): Federal Stor. Whses., Inc.-
Purchase Wm. Schafer & Son, 673.

REMEDIES. To hold that a motor carrier which has violated its prescribed
duties under part II is immune to civil liability, while rail and water carriers
must respond in damages, would contravene the fundamental rule of ubi jus ibi
remedium and disregard secs. 216 (j), 217 (b), and 22, which preserve all common-
law and statutory remedies. The statute, by prohibiting unreasonable and dis-
criminatory rates, superseded the common-law right without abrogating remedies
theretofore recognized. Bell Potato Chip Co. v. Aberdeen Truck Line, 337 (342).
REOPENING. See CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY (Certificates); INVESTIGA-
TION AND SUSPENSION.

REPORTS. CARRIERS': Specialized character of contract-carrier service does
not justify relief from requirements for filing annual and quarterly reports and
keeping accounts on prescribed uniform system. United Parcel Service of Pa.,
Inc., Filing of Contracts, 689 (698);

-Permanent relief of parcel-delivery carriers from such requirements would.
by depriving Commission of valuable information, defeat specific direction of
Congress in sec. 204 (a) (7) to keep informed of operations of carriers within its
jurisdiction. Id. (699);

-Refusal to exempt such carriers from reporting requirements would not
result in disclosure of confidential information concerning stores which they
served, as information required covered their operations as a whole and would not
reflect data of individual shops. Id. (698);

-Effective date of denial of permanent relief was fixed sufficiently in the future
not to unduly burden carriers. Meanwhile, they should file copies of reports
filed with State regulatory authorities. Id. (699).
RESTRICTED OPERATION. See BROKERS

(Licenses); EXPRESS AND

MOTOR; RAIL and Motor; ROUTES (Radial vs. Nonradial); Service; THROUGH
ROUTES.

RESTRICTED RATES. See CLASS RATES; DENSITY; JOINT RATES AND
FARES; REASONABLENESS. ETC.; ROUTES (Circuitous).

RETURN LOADING. General-commodity "grandfather" authority was
granted for return trips when, although the bulk of applicant's traffic was out-
bound and variety of in-bound commodities and number of shipments were not
large, he had transported whatever return traffic was available. Taylor Com.
Car. Applic., 44 (45);

-Although applicant had transported only 7 commodities on return trips
prior to the "grandfather" date, no particular class had predominated, the 20
additional commodities transported thereafter were sufficiently various to show
a general-commodity service, and the essential nature of the operation did not
appear to have changed at any time. Elders Transfer Co., Inc., Com. Car.
Applic.. 63 (68);

-But holding out to transport general commodities was disregarded when open
equipment used in applicant's principal operation afforded inadequate protection
to commodities susceptible to damage. Sullivan, Long & Hagerty, Inc., Com.
Car. Applic., 203 (211).

43 M. C. C.

REVENUES. See INCREASED RATES; INVEStigation and SUSPENSION; PROFIT.
ROUTES. See also CONTRACT CARRIERS (Permits); Distance; ExpreSS AND
MOTOR; INTERMEDIATE POINTS; THROUGH ROUTES; TRANSPORTATION.
ABANDONMENT: Carrier which obtained additional intrastate authority in
order to participate in war traffic was unable, owing to equipment shortage, to
continue all interstate service, and thereupon, despite advice that such action
would amount to abandonment requiring prior approval, notified shippers that it
would suspend all service on a certain interstate route during the war, and there-
after referred shippers to carriers who would interchange with it. Such failure to
render continuous and adequate service required by its certificate could only be
viewed as willful. Compliance order issued. R. D. Fowler Motor Lines, Inc., v.
Colonial Motor Frt. Lines, Inc., 781 (782, 784).

ALTERNATE: When an alternate route, involving no additional service, will
enable a carrier to render a more efficient and economical service without unduly
affecting existing carriers, it should be authorized. Burlington Transp. Co.
Ext.-Ill., Iowa, and Mo., 729 (731);

-Of three such alternate routes sought, that one was authorized which would
result in the greatest operating economies. Id. (731);

-When applicant already had authority for another alternate route almost
equally shorter than the principal route, authority was denied.
Id. (734);

-But operating-convenience route was authorized although distance was about
the same as over existing route, when latter was a winding road with steep grades,
heavy traffic, and numerous traffic signals, and use of proposed route for express
bus schedules would permit safer, more economical, and possibly faster transpor-
tation. Public Serv. Interstate Transp. Co.-Bergen Turnpike, 599 (608. 611).
CIRCUITOUS: See also JOINT RATES AND FARES. Although difficulty of exactly
determining shortest routes between initial origin and ultimate destination.
necessity for detours due to road conditions, and considerations of operating
efficiency and economy warranted liberal treatment of irregular-route carrier
in imposing circuity limitation on partial loading or unloading in transit, those
practical difficulties would not justify operation over unduly circuitous routes
for benefit of particular shippers at no greater compensation than via direct
routes, or incurrence of extra expense for one shipper without reasonable com-
pensation. Rules of Mich. and Nebr. Transit Co.. 269 (274);

-But while intermediate stops by such carriers should be restricted to preclude
unreasonable out-of-line hauls, limitation to points on routes not over 7.5 per
cent circuitous would be unduly restrictive when it would afford scant leeway
for stops at points not on short-line routes, and line-haul rates presumably re-
flected some out-of-line mileage. Restriction to points on routes not over 12.5
percent longer than most direct route via paved highways to final destination
would be reasonable. Id. (275).

RADIAL VS. NONRADIAL: "On the one hand" and "on the other" are words
of extremity in both common and legal parlance and are used in certificates
solely to denote radial operations between a base point and points in a described
area, as distinguished from unlimited nonradial operation. Gay's Exp., Inc., ®.
Haigis and Nichols, 277 (279).

Authority for radial operation is limited to service to and from a base, and
while it does not restrict interchange with other carriers at the base or at other
points in the authorized area, a carrier having only radial authority may not
render service between other points via the base point under fiction of inter-
change with itself at that point. Gay's Exp.. Inc., v. Haigis and Nichols, 277
(279, 280); G. & M. Motor Transfer Co., Inc., Com. Car. Applic., 497 (500);
-Such interpretation of radial authority would amount to creation of a new
operating right. G. & M. Motor Transfer Co., Inc., Com. Car. Applic., 497 (501);

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