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I attended all of the hearings that were conducted by the Senate Commerce Committee while S. 2582 was under consideration. I listened carefully to all of the testimony offered by representatives of the shipping industry as it related to the personnel phase of the legislation, and it would not require much thought to appreciate the fact that certain members of the shipping industry would leave no stone unturned in their campaign to defeat any sort of a program which was based on further Americanization of the subsidized ships.

I would like to refer to part 2 of the hearings before the Committee on Commerce when S. 2582 was under consideration and would like to comment on the statement of Mr. Ira A. Campbell, counsel for the American Steamship Owners' Association. On page 185 of part 2 of the hearings of May 1, 1935, when a revised section 801, title VIII, was under consideration, the chairman of the committee, Senator Copeland, suggested that Mr. Campbell comment on the revised or new language of section 801, and Mr. Campbell stated: "Mr. CAMPBELL. Well, I will have to read it first.

"The CHAIRMAN. I will read it:

"After the enactment of this act and for a period of 5 years, upon each departure from the United States of a vessel in respect of which a construction, operating, or trade-promotion subsidy has been granted under this act, threefourths of the crew (crew including all employees of the ship other than officers) shall be citizens of the United States, native born or completely naturalized. After such 5-year period the entire crew of any such vessel shall be citizens of the United States, native born or completely naturalized. Any member of the crew not required by this section to be a citizen of the United States may be an alien only if he is in possession of a valid declaration of intention or a certificate of registry issued under the act entitled "An act to supplement the naturalization laws, and for other purposes", approved March 2, 1929. This section shall be enforced by the Department of Commerce under rules and regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of Commerce for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section.'"

After Senator Copeland had read this section, Mr. Campbell stated: "Well, I cannot subscribe to that. And I do not believe that you will find any shipping people who will subscribe to it."

This statement on Mr. Campbell's part would readily disclose his attitude in the matter and, of course, it was a negative one. Further on Mr. Campbell stated:

"Now, difficulties arise in connection with the steward, and the whole problem is a simple one. It has not been possible up to the present time, and we have now been operating a pretty good merchant marine for nearly 15 years and should know something of it by reason of experience. I say, it has not been possible for these shipping people to train American citizens in sufficient numbers so that we can get satisfactory service in the steward's department on these passenger ships. And if we have not been able to do it in 15 years, how are we going to be able to do it by virtue of that section of the bill in the next 5 years, and that is what it contemplates.

"Americans just don't like to be waiters and bedroom stewards, and you cannot remake them. You go into your hotels; you go to the hotels here in Washington, go down to the Carlton, or go down to the Willard, or the Mayflower, and see the nationality of the waiters in those hotels. Or if you will go to New York and look at the waiters in those hotels, or to Chicago, or to Detroit. The men who are engaged in this business can say better than a lawyer about this matter, but this is what they tell us: that they cannot man the steward's department of their ships with American citizens. And the enactment of a law seeking to do that will be only enacting a law that simply is not capable of enforcement. You should not put into legislation something that is not going to give us just efficient service in the steward's department of our ships as the foreign ships have."

I wish to stress a certain portion of Mr. Campbell's statement quoted above: "Americans just don't like to be waiters and bedroom stewards, and you cannot remake them."

In this article I intend to incorporate some very interesting facts and official figures to bring out beyond all reasonable doubt that that statement on the part of Mr. Campbell is not a statement of fact, but is manufactured entirely out of "whole cloth", and is so inconsistent, that it is ridiculous to say the

would go on record as making such a statement as that before a committee of the United States Senate, then it is time for the members of Congress to study very carefully the alien situation on our subsidized ships.

I would also like to refer to an additional statement of Mr. Campbell's when he testified during the course of the hearings before the Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, House of Representatives, May 3, 1935, on H. R. 7521, part 4, Congressman Schuyler Otis Bland being chairman of this committee:

"Mr. CAMPBELL. I pass now to Title VIII, American Seamen, and we have certain amendments to suggest with respect to that title. Section 801 reads: "All vessels operated under any contract made under and pursuant to this act shall be manned in their deck and engine-room departments exclusively by citizens of the United States, native-born or completely naturalized, so far as they may be available when signing on a crew

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"Instead of having it read, as it does in the bill [reading]:

"All vessels operated under any contract made under and pursuant to this act shall be manned

"And so forth

""unless satisfactory proof is made to the Bureau of Navigation and Steamboat Inspection that qualified and competent citizens are not procurable therefor.' "That just would not be workable. The situation may arise where you cannot get American citizens without great delay to the ships at the time the crews are signed on. Now, it ought to be obligatory, and the shipowners are willing that it should be obligatory upon them to use American citizens in those departments of the ship, so far as they are available, when they come to sign on these crews.

"The CHAIRMAN. Who is going to decide that-the Shipping Commissioner? "Mr. CAMPBELL. Well, they are shipped on before the Shipping Commissioner yes; the Shipping Commissioner will be the one who will be sitting in judgment on it. However, that is restricted to the deck and engine-room departments and does not apply to the stewards' department. The suggestion was made by someone in the hearings, either yesterday or the day before, that the law be changed so as to provide that within 5 years, or after 5 years, the stewards' department should also be manned with 100-percent American citizens.

"The CHAIRMAN. The objection has been made to that provision that it reduces the percentage of American citizens required under the present act of 1928, which requires that 66% percent of all the crew shall be American citizens. It was not the intent of the framers of this bill to reduce the number of American citizens which would be employed.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. No. We have not thought that for a moment; in fact, in the proviso it is contemplated otherwise, you see [reading]:

"Provided, That this section shall not apply to the stewards' department, but preference in the employment of citizens in such stewards' department should be given by the owners of any such vessel so far as efficient and competent employees are available."

"Now you heard, at the hearings on some of the Department of Commerce bills, Mr. Weaver's testimony with respect to the situation of the stewards. The fact is that Americans do not like to work in the capacity of waiters and of stewards on board these ships.

"The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Duffy appeared here in the hearings on those bills and argued that we could find them among Americans.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Well, the shipowners will tell you not. And you need not take the word of the shipowners, you can go to the Department of Commerce people, those who are in a position to know, and they will tell you the fact is you cannot. And it is no different with the ships than it is with the hotels or restaurants, and you can go to the hotels in Washington, or New York, or Philadelphia, and you will find that the waiters are all people who have grown up in a country where that is a regular business with them, made more or less of a profession with the Swiss and some of the Germans and those people. It is perfectly proper, but it just happens that the American has not gone into that kind of work.

"Mr. SIROVICH. But you have enough naturalized citizens here from foreign countries who would be glad to serve as stewards, or full-fledged American citizens.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Then this bill, requiring a preference to be given to them, will give them ample opportunity to do it.

"Mr. SIROVICH. I do not believe in the preference; I would rather put in a limitation that, after 2 years or 3 years, every one of them must be American citizens.

“Mr. CAMPBELL. If you do, you are either going to have your ships not manned with as good steward service as foreign ships have, or you are not going to have your ships manned at all, so far as the stewards' department is concerned.

"Mr. SIROVICH. I know differently; I know in New York City we have thousands of waiters who were foreign born, who have become naturalized American citizens, who cannot find work as waiters and who would be mighty pleased to develop as stewards, and there is not any reason we could not develop, through a school system such as we have for cadets and others, some institution that would train stwards as they should be trained-because that is a very impotant part of the program of the merchant marine. "Mr. CAMPBELL. All right

"Mr. SIROVICH. And to help you in that line, I think a limitation of 2 to 3 years, until enough men could be gotten through such an institution, and making it optional on your part to select a certain percentage of Americans and to fill up the rest with others, until such conditions could be fulfilled, would meet that situation.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. All right; put that system into operation, and then, when you find you have built up sufficient American citizens who can man these ships, you can change your law at that time.

"Mr. SIROVICH. The trouble is, Mr. Campbell, you have not tried so far. By 'you', I mean your companies that you represent. They have been looking to get the cheapest they possibly can.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Well, I cannot say about that; I think the American shipowners are trying to get the best men. How can the American shipowner serve himself by trying to go out and get incompetent labor?

"Mr. SIROVICH. Well look what the Morro Castle people did. "Mr. CAMPBELL. I am not going to discuss the Morro Castle.

"Mr. SIROVICH. You are always discussing here what has been done; and if the people of the United States could bring to the attention of the Members of the House of Representatives what they have seen of the type of men and women they had on the Morro Castle and the Mohawk, you would see what they are doing in exploiting their labor. They have never looked for the best; they have looked for the cheapest, and, if we are going to give subsidies, we expect them to use American citizens, either those born in this country or completely naturalized. And you can develop them; there is nothing you cannot do here that they can do abroad.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. That possibly may be true, but it has not been done yet. Set up your schools and organizations to do it and, when you have accomplished it, then make it applicable.

"Mr. SIROVICH. I know, Mr. Campbell, if we had representing the American people here as counsel, somebody who knew the admiralty law, and we engaged you, you would make a good case for us, too.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Thank you.

"Mr. WEARIN. Mr. Campbell, that provision in line 7 "so far as they may be available when signing on a crew" just opens the door completely to the shipping companies to employ about anyone they want to.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Oh, no; because this signing on is all done before a Government officer, the shipping commissioner; and, if there are any American citizens available there at the time of signing on crews, he will sign them on. That will be determined right there at the time of the signing on of these crews. The owner won't have the decision on that, because those crews are to be signed on before a Government officer. We do not make the suggestion as a device by which we can escape the obligations of this; we are perfectly willing and desirous of having our ships manned by 100-percent Americans. Why shouldn't we? The American shipowner is just as much a citizen and just as good a citizen as anybody else and why should not we prefer our own people, if we have the opportunity to do so? But these ships cannot be held up; they are carrying mail, running on schedules, and a situation may develop where you can get all American citizens, except possibly one or two, in the crew, and

are you going to hold up a passenger ship they may have four or five hundred people on board?

"Mr. WEARIN. What percentage of the crew on the subsidized lines which you represent have been American citizens?

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Sixty-six and two-thirds percent.

"Mr. WEARIN. The balance of them have been foreign-born?

"Mr. CAMPBELL. They must have been. The law requires 66% percent. They may run 75 percent; I do not know.

"Mr. WEARIN. My question was as to how many were foreign-born.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. I do not know.

"Mr. SIROVICH. Our distinguished chairman showed yesterday how you could have 100-percent foreigners and still have 100-percent Americans.

"The CHAIRMAN. Not 100-percent Americans

"Mr. CAMPBELL. No; I am a better mathematician than that.

"Mr. SIROVICH. Would the chairman be kind enough to again enlighten us with that statement?

"The CHAIRMAN. I said there could be 100-percent aliens.

"Mr. SIROVICH. Aliens-that is what I mean.

"The CHAIRMAN. I said the act of 1928 required 66% percent to be American

seaman.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Yes.

"The CHAIRMAN. But that the act which was passed in 1918 permitted men who had made their application for first papers, and who were aliens, to go on board as American citizens.

"Mr. CAMPBELL. Yes.

"The CHAIRMAN. And the Attorney General construed that they could be counted in the 66% percent; therefore if the 66% percent was constituted of 3-year men, they would have a right to take the other 33 percent as aliens. "Mr. CAMPBELL. Yes.

"The CHAIRMAN. The result of which would be you would have, in fact, 100percent aliens.

"Mr. SIROVICH. You did not know that Mr. Campbell?

"Mr. CAMPBELL. No. You have enlightened me on that subject."

Now, when you consider these statements of Mr. Campbell's before the Senate Commerce Committee and the House Merchant Marine Committee, you can readily understand that certain members of the shipping industry are bound and determined that no new legislation will be enacted which will create more job opportunities for citizens of the United States, if certain members of the shipping industry can prevent it. And in connection therewith, I maintain and consistently say, that certain members of the shipping industry are not trying to play fair and are not showing the proper spirit, or the right attitude toward trying to constructively cooperate in the development of a constructive, consistent, feasible program which will be beneficial to thousands of unemployed citizens of the United States, whose vocation is that of following the sea for a livelihood, and unless this particular group in the shipping industry are going to change their attitude in the matter, they are going to work against their own best interests and in the long run, they will be the losers.

At this time, I would like to again refer back to Mr. Campbell's statement before the Senate Committee on Commerce, May 11, 1935, wherein, Mr. Campbell in part, stated:

"Americans just don't like to be waiters and bedroom stewards and you cannot remake them."

I would like to offer some facts and figures which might be considered in connection with that statement. I shall refer to a bulletin issued by the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, bulletin D-8A-May 8, 1935, issued by the Division of Research, Statistics, and Finance, Research Section. "Subject: Occupational and sex distribution of gainful workers on urban relief rolls, May 1934."

I find according to these figures, estimated number of gainful workers aged 16 to 64 on urban relief rolls, by sex and by occupation, May 1934. In this bulletin, under these titles, I find many thousands of unemployed people who according to their own statement follow vocations which are classified under the servant type class of people. On page 8 of this bulletin I find:

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In addition to the figures of the thousands of servant-type people who are now on relief rolls, no doubt, "picking up grass, etc.", I would also like to include some figures which I have secured from the Bureau of the Census. The enclosed letter being self-explanatory and covers the following table which will further tend to disprove Mr. Campbell's statement that "Americans just don't like to be waiters."

Mr. J. H. MCVAY,

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,
DEPARTMENT OF THE CENSUS,
Washington, May 21, 935.

The Lindbergh Apartments, Washington, D. C. DEAR SIR: In compliance with your request of yesterday, there is enclosed a statement giving the total number of male gainful workers and the number unemployed in classes A and B, by color and nativity, for the occupations requested, for 1930. The figures in the two indented lines are included, in each case, in the line above. There is also enclosed a summary of unemployment census statistics for 1930, which defines unemployment classes A and B.

LEON E. TRUESDELL, Chief Statistician for Population.

Males in unemployment classes A and B, for selected occupations, with gainful workers similarly classified, for the United States, 1930

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By analyzing those two sets of figures, it would seem consistent to say that Mr. Campbell's statement certainly was very inconsistent. I will abide by the figures of the two Government departments rather than subscribe to Mr. Campbell's statement. The thought may be brought out that the figures submitted by the Bureau of the Census are of the year of 1930, and not 1935; much as I dislike to say so, I do not believe there has been a favorable change in those figures from 1930 to 1935.

In addition to the two sets of figures enumerated above, I would also like to incorporate herein some other very pertinent figures which I have secured through the courtesy of the United States Employment Service. The figures show the number of registered applicants for steward's department as of May 17, 1935, in six of the more prominent ports of the United States-namely, New York, Baltimore, on the Atlantic coast; New Orleans, Galveston, on the Gulf; San Francisco, Seattle, on the Pacific coast. This furnishes quite a crosssection picture of the situation on the Atlantic, Pacific, and Gulf coasts as it applies to available applicants for positions in the stewards' department on our subsidized ships.

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