violet by chloroform. (No color is obtained with oils of lemon, bergamot, juniper, rosemary, cloves, anise, or fennel.) For qualitative separation of Benzole from volatile oils, see 119; of Nitrobenzole from Bitter Almond Oil, see 120. 10 16 115. CAMPHOR. C,H,,O. Laural Camphor.—A slightly unctuous, pellucid solid, friable with cleavage, of specific gravity 0.985 to 0.996; melting at 142° C. (288° F.), slowly vaporizable at ordinary temperatures, condensing in hexagonal plates, boiling at 204° C. (400° F.) It is soluble in 1,000 parts of water applied by ordinary contact, or in 150 to 200 parts of water by trituration with an insoluble powder; freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzole, petroleum naphtha, methylic alcohol, amylic alcohol, creosote, acetic acid, mineral acids, bisulphide of carbon, fixed and volatile oils, and forms a liquid mixture with solid chloral hydrate.-Minute particles of camphor, dropped upon water, rotate, with velocity in proportion to their smallness. If an oiled pin-point is then touched to the water, the rotations are stopped, and the camphor particles carried out by the enlarging circular oil-film. By prolonged boiling with concentrated nitric acid or permanganate of potassium, camphor is changed into Camphoric Acid. The latter is sparingly soluble in water, from which it crystallizes in colorless scales or needles, of sour and bitter taste, melting at 70° C., and forming insoluble salts with lead and many other metals.-By heating in a closed vessel with bromine, Bromated Camphor is formed, as a crystallizable solid, not soluble in water. 10 116. CREOSOTE. Chiefly Creosol, CH,,O,, and Guaiacol, CH ̧ ̧. An oily limpid liquid, of spec. grav. 1.060 to 1.085, colorless or yellowish (growing brownish in the light), boiling at 200° to 206° C. (392° to 403° F.), having a neutral reaction, a strong and persistent smoky odor, and a very caustic and smoky taste. It is soluble in 60 to 90 parts of water, in all proportions of alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzole, petroleum naphtha, fixed and volatile oils, anhydrous glycerin, acetic acid, sulphuric acid (with combination and brown color), and in an equal part of bisulphide of carbon. It is soluble in aqueous alkalies-forming instable salts. It dissolves (and in commerce usually contains) about 3 per cent. of water, from which it is separated by mixture with a large quantity of benzole. Creosote resembles Phenic Acid, in most of its physical properties, and in its reactions with nitric acid, ferric salts, bromine, gelatin, and albumen. It is distinguished from Phenic acid by not crystallizing when pure; by gelatinizing collodion; by not giving a blue color with ferric salts in a slightly alcoholic and sufficiently dilute solution of ferric chloride, as specified under Phenic acid, 35, c (Fluckiger's test); by not forming a clear mixture with a double volume of 18 to 20 per cent. ammonia, or with 5 volumes of ordinary (slightly aqueous) glycerin, or with a greater volume of bisulphide of carbon; and by more sparing solubility in water. 10° 117. ANTHRACENE. C,,H,,. A colorless solid, crystallizing in the monoclinic system, often in four or six-sided tablets, having spec. grav. 1.147, melting at about 212° C., subliming slowly from the solid, and distilling rapidly at 300° C. When pure, the crystals show blue or violet fluorescence. It is tasteless and odorless, but its vapor at the distilling point is disagreeable and irritating.—It is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold, moderately soluble in hot alcohol, soluble in ether, benzole, and oil of turpentine. It is not affected by alkalies; is acted on by nitric acid, and dissolved with green color by sulphuric acid. With picric acid, in saturated alcoholic solution, it forms a salt crystallizing in red needles. 118. ALIZARIN. CHO. A yellow to red-yellow solid; by sublimation (at 215° C.) crystallizing anhydrous in red prisms, and from solutions crystallizing in golden scales of the hydrate. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether (with yellow color) and in concentrated sulphuric acid (with brown color); soluble in aqueous alkalies and alkaline carbonates (with purple color); these solutions being precipitated (orange) by acids, in good part even by carbonic acid gas. The ammoniacal solution, with salts of magnesium, iron, copper, and silver, forms purple and iridescent precipitates; the potassa solution is decolorized by lime-water, and the alcohol solution is decolorized by alumina with formation of a red precipitate. 119. BENZOLE. CHH with traces of its homologues. Coal-tar naphtha. Benzene.-A colorless limpid liquid, of about 0.85 spec. grav., crystallizing at 0° C., melting at 5.5° C., boiling at 80° or 81° C. (176° or 178° F.), and of a characteristic pleasant odor, reminding of rose and of chloroform. It burns with a bright, smoky flame. It is not perceptibly soluble in water (to which, however, it imparts odor), but is soluble in all proportions of alcohol, ether, chloroform, petroleum naphtha, etc. It dissolves sulphur, phosphorus, iodine, fixed and volatile oils, camphors; many resins (see 99, ƒ); many alkaloids (not cinchonia) (133). It is distinguished from Petroleum Naphtha by its generally greater solvent power (by dissolving hard pitch), and, more accurately, by its formation of nitrobenzole and products of the latter, as follows: Equal volumes of nitric acid of spec. grav. of 1.5 or of concentrated nitric acid containing nitrous acid, and of the liquid tested for benzole, are digested in a test-tube by immersion in hot water. The nitrobenzole rises in droplets, and is recognized by its odor of bitter almond oil and by its giving anilin with reducing agents, as stated at 120. Or, for more delicate test-as in presence of Volatile Oils: A few drops of the liquid to be tested are mixed in a cooled tube with four times their volume of fuming nitric acid; the mixture is agitated and left a quarter of an hour; then mixed with ten times its bulk of water (which separates drops of nitrobenzole). Agitate with ether, which takes up the nitrobenzole; decant the ether solution, filter, quickly distil the ether from the filtrate. To the residue add 1 or 2 c.c. of acetic acid and a particle of iron (filings), and distil over a very small flame. As soon as the liquid is nearly evaporated, add 2 or 3 c.c. of water and distil again. Mix the distillates (if acid, neutralize with slaked lime and filter), and test with chlorinated lime for anilin (violet color) (125, a). 11 13 1191. PETROLEUM NAPHTHA. Gasolene. "Benzene." The rectified distillate of petroleum, having a boiling point of about 49° C. (120° F.)-specific gravity about 0.665. Consists chiefly of CH,,H, with a little CH,‚¤ and other homologues.-Characterized by an agreeable odor and anæsthetic effect; by a wide range of solubilities; and by resisting the action of alkalies and most acids, while decomposed by heating with nitric acid.-Distinguished from Benzole by a lower specific gravity (even when both are of the same boiling point), and, more accurately, by not forming nitrobenzole (119). 120. NITROBENZOLE. C.H.,(NO,). bane." "Artificial oil of bitter almonds." "Essence of MirNitrobenzene.-A yellowish, oily liquid, of spec. grav. 1.21, crystallizing below 3o C., and boiling at 220° C. (428° F.) It has the odor of bitter almond oil, with equal persistence; a very sweet taste, and a highly poisonous effect taken by inhalation or through the mouth. It is insoluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, fixed and volatile oils.—It is identified by its odor— coinciding with its reaction for anilin. When a few drops are digested in a test-tube with zinc, acetic acid, and iron or magnesium wire, and the mixture extracted with ether, the residue of the latter gives reactions for anilin. See Benzole (119) and Anilin (121). Or a few drops are digested and shaken with zinc and dilute sulphuric acid, the mixture filtered through a wet filter, and the filtrate tested (with chlorate of potassium) for anilin. Both the above methods are applicable in presence of Bitter Almond oil; also the following: Two or three cubic centimetres of the oil to be tested for nitrobenzole are agitated with about half its weight of fused potassa. If nitrobenzole is present, a reddish-yellow color appears, quickly turning to green, and if water is added there is separation of an upper layer of green, turning red the following day. Finely-divided zinc or iron, alone, digested at 100° C. for a day or two, reduces nitrobenzole to anilin.-Nitrobenzole is distinguished from bitter almond oil and other Volatile Oils by its specific gravity. BASES: LIQUID AND SOLID. 121. ANILIN. (CH)H,N. Monophenylamin.-Pure anilin is a colorless, limpid, oily liquid, of spec. grav. 1.028, vaporizing slightly at ordinary temperatures, boiling at 182° C. It is neutral to litmus, of bitter, burning taste, and vinous, aromatic odor. It is slightly soluble in water-the solution having a faint alkaline reaction; also it dissolves a little water. It is soluble in all proportions of alcohol, ether, chloroform, and most fixed and volatile oils, and in about equal volumes of bisulphide of carbon or benzole, but not perfectly in greater volumes of either. It is sparingly soluble in glycerin. 66 122. The ANILIN OIL OF COMMERCE contains more or less Toluidin, with traces of benzole, phenic acid, nitrobenzole, acetic acid, acetone, etc. Kuphanilin" contains about 90 per cent. of phenylamin, and has a boiling point of 180° to 190° C. "Baranilin" is mostly toluidin, with a little cumidin and cymidin, boiling at 195° to 215° C.* |