doing further business with it or engaging in programs sponsored by it if such a debtor fails to pay its debts to the Government within a reasonable time and the debtor will be so advised. The failure of any surety to honor its obligations in accordance with 6 U.S.C. 11 is to be reported to the Treasury Department at once. Notification that a surety's certificate of authority to do business with the Federal Government has been revoked or forfeited by the Treasury Department will be forwarded by that Department to all interested agencies.

§ 102.7

Liquidation of collateral.

Agencies holding security or collateral which may be liquidated and the proceeds applied on debts due it through the exercise of a power of sale in the security instrument or a non-judicial foreclosure should do so by such procedures if the debtor fails to pay his debt within a reasonable time after demand, unless the cost of disposing of the collateral will be disproportionate to its value or special circumstances require judicial foreclosure. Collection from other sources, including liquidation of security or collateral, is not a prerequisite to requiring payment by a surety or insurance concern unless such action is expressly required by statute or contract.

§ 102.8

Collection in installments.

Claims, with interest in accordance with $ 102.10 should be collected in full in one lump sum whenever this is possible. However, if the debtor is financially unable to pay the indebtedness in one lump sum, payment may be accepted in regular installments. The size and frequency of such installment payments should bear a reasonable relation to the size of the debt and the debtor's ability to pay. If possible the installment payments should be sufficient in size and frequency to liquidate the Government's claim in not more

than 3 years. Installment payments of less than $10 per month should be accepted in only the most unusual circumstances. An agency holding an unsecured claim for administrative collection should attempt to obtain an executed confess-judgment note, comparable to the Department of Justice form USA-70a, from a debtor when the total amount of the deferred installments will exceed $750. Such notes may be sought when an unsecured obligation of a lesser amount is involved. Security for de

ferred payments, other than a confessjudgment note, may be accepted in appropriate cases. An agency may accept installment payments notwithstanding the refusal of a debtor to execute a confess-judgment note or to give other security, at the agency's option.

§ 102.9 Exploration of compromise.

Agencies will attempt to effect compromises (preferably during the course of personal interviews), of claims of $20,000 or less exclusive of interest, in accordance with the standards set forth in Part 103 of this chapter in all cases in which it can be ascertained that the debtor's financial ability will not permit payment of the claim in full, or in which the litigative risks or the costs of litigation dictate such action.

In cases in which prejudgment interest is not mandated by statute, contract or regulation, the agency may forego the collection of prejudgment interest as an inducement to voluntary payment. In such cases demand letters should inform the debtor that prejudgment interest will be collected if suit becomes necessary. When a debt is paid in installments and interest is collected, the installment payments will first be applied to the payment of accrued interest and then to principal, in accordance with the socalled "U.S. Rule", unless a different rule is prescribed by statute, contract or regulation. Prejudgment interest should not be demanded or collected on civil penalty and forfeiture claims unless the statute under which the claim arises authorizes the collection of such interest. See Rodgers v. United States, 332 U.S. 371.

§ 103.1 Scope and application.

The standards set forth in this part apply to the compromise of claims, pursuant to section 3(b) of the Federal Claims Collection Act of 1966, 80 Stat. 309, which do not exceed $20,000 exclusive of interest. The head of an agency or his designee may exercise such compromise authority with respect to claims for money or property arising out of the activities of his agency prior to the referral of such claims to the General Accounting Office or to the Department of Justice for litigation. The Comptroller General or his designee may exercise such compromise authority with respect to claims referred to the General Accounting Office prior to their further referral for litigation. Only the Comptroller General or his designee may effect the compromise of a claim that arises out of an exception made by the General Accounting Office in the account of an accountable officer, including a claim against the payee, prior to its referral by that Office for litigation.

§ 103.2 Inability to pay.

A claim may be compromised pursuant to this part if the Government cannot collect the full amount because of (a) the debtor's inability to pay the full amount within a reasonable time, or (b)

the refusal of the debtor to pay the claim in full and the Government's inability to enforce collection in full within a reasonable time by enforced collection proceedings. In determining the debtor's inability to pay the following factors, among others, may be considered: Age and health of the debtor; present and potential income; inheritance prospects; the possibility that assets have been concealed or improperly transferred by the debtor; the availability of assets or income which may be realized upon by enforced collection proceedings. The agency will give consideration to the applicable exemptions available to the debtor under State and Federal law in determining the Government's ability to enforce collection. Uncertainty as to the price which collateral or other property will bring at forced sale may properly be considered in determining the Government's ability to enforce collection. A compromise effected under this section should be for an amount which bears a reasonable relation to the amount which can be recovered by enforced collection procedures, having regard for the exemptions available to the debtor and the time which collection will take. Compromises payable in installments are to be discouraged. However, if payment of a compromise by installments is necessary, an agreement for the reinstatement of the prior indebtedness less sums paid thereon and acceleration of the balance due upon default in the payment of any installment should be obtained, together with security in the manner set forth in § 102.8 of this chapter, in every case in which this is possible. If the agency's files do not contain reasonably up-todate credit information as a basis for assessing a compromise proposal such information may be obtained from the individual debtor by obtaining a statement executed under penalty of perjury showing the debtor's assets and liabilities, income and expense. Forms such as Department of Justice form DJ-35 may be used for this purpose. Similar data may be obtained from corporate

debtors by resort to balance sheets and such additional data as seems required. § 103.3 Litigative probabilities.

A claim may be compromised pursuant to this part if there is a real doubt concerning the Government's ability to prove its case in court for the full amount claimed either because of the legal issues involved or a bona fide dispute as to the facts. The amount accepted in compromise in such cases should fairly reflect the probability of prevailing on the legal question involved, the probabilities with respect to full or partial recovery of a judgment having due regard to the availability of witnesses and other evidentiary support for the Government claim, and related pragmatic considerations. Proportionate weight should be given to the probable amount of court costs which may be assessed against the Government if it is unsuccessful in litigation, having regard for the litigative risks involved. Cf. 28 U.S.C. 2412, as amended by Public Law 89-507, 80 Stat. 308.

§ 103.4

Cost of collecting claim.

A claim may be compromised pursuant to this part if the cost of collecting the claim does not justify the enforced collection of the full amount. The amount accepted in compromise in such cases may reflect an appropriate discount for the administrative and litigative costs of collection having regard for the time which it will take to effect collection. Cost of collecting may be a substantial factor in the settlement of small claims. The cost of collecting claims normally will not carry great weight in the settlement of large claims.

§ 103.5 Enforcement policy.

Statutory penalties, forfeitures, or debts established as an aid to enforcement and to compel compliance may be compromised pursuant to this part if the agency's enforcement policy in terms of deterrence and securing compliance, both present and future, will be adequately served by acceptance of the sum to be agreed upon. Mere accidental or technical violations may be dealt with

less severely than willful and substantial violations.

§ 103.6 Joint and several liability.

When two or more debtors are jointly and severally liable collection action will not be withheld against one such debtor until the other or others pay their proportionate share. The agency should not attempt to allocate the burden of paying such claims as between the debtors but should proceed to liquidate the indebtedness as quickly as possible. Care should be taken that compromise with one such debtor does not release the agency's claim against the remaining debtors. The amount of a comproImise with one such debtor shall not be considered a precedent or as morally binding in determining the amount which will be required from other debtors jointly and severally liable on the claim.

PART 104-STANDARDS FOR SUSPENDING OR TERMINATING COLLECTION ACTION

Sec.

104.1 104.2 104.3

104.4

Scope and application.

Suspension of collection activity.
Termination of collection activity.
Transfer of claims.

AUTHORITY: The provisions of this Part 104 issued under sec. 3, 80 Stat. 309; 31 U.S.C. 952.

SOURCE: The provisions of this Part 104 appear at 31 F.R. 13383, Oct. 15, 1966, unless otherwise note.

§ 104.1 Scope and application.

The standards set forth in this part apply to the suspension or termination of collection action pursuant to section 3(b) of the Federal Claims Collection Act of 1966, 80 Stat. 309, on claims which do not exceed $20,000 exclusive of interest. The head of an agency or his designee may suspend or terminate collection action under this part with respect to claims for money or property arising out of activities of his agency prior to the referral of such claims to the General Accounting Office or to the Department of Justice for litigation. The Comptroller General or his designee may exercise such authority with respect to claims referred to the General Accounting Office prior to their further referral for litigation.

§ 104.2 Suspension of collection activity.

Collection action may be suspended temporarily on a claim when the debtor cannot be located after diligent effort and there is reason to believe that future collection action may be sufficiently productive to justify periodic review and action on the claim having consideration for its size and the amount which may be realized thereon. The following sources may be of assistance in locating missing debtors: Telephone directories; city directories; postmasters; drivers' license records; automobile title and license records; state and local governmental agencies; district directors of Internal Revenue; other Federal agencies; employers, relatives, friends; credit agency skip locate reports. Suspension as to a particular debtor should not defer the early liquidation of security for the debt. Every reasonable effort should be made

to locate missing debtors sufficiently in advance of the bar of the applicable statute of limitations, such as Public Law 89-505, 80 Stat. 304, to permit the timely filing of suit if such action is warranted. If the missing debtor has signed a confess-judgment note and is in default, referral of the note for the entry of judgment should not be delayed because of his missing status. Collection action may be suspended temporarily on a claim when the debtor owns no substantial equity in realty and is unable to make payments on the Government's claim or effect a compromise thereof at the time but his future prospects justify retention of the claim for periodic review and action and (a) the applicable statute of limitations has been tolled or started running anew or (b) future collection can be effected by offset notwithstanding the statute of limitations.

§ 104.3 Termination of collection activity.

The head of an agency or his designee may terminate collection activity and consider the agency's file on the claim closed under the following standards:

(a) Inability to collect any substantial amount. Collection action may be terminated on a claim when it becomes clear that the Government cannot collect or enforce collection of any significant sum from the debtor having due regard for the judicial remedies available to the Government, the debtor's future financial prospects, and the exemptions available to the debtor under State and Federal law. In determining the debtor's inability to pay the following factors, among others, may be considered: Age and health of the debtor; present and potential income; inheritance prospects; the possibility that assets have been concealed or improperly transferred by the debtor; the availability of assets or income which may be realized upon by enforced collection proceedings.

(b) Inability to locate debtor. Collection action may be terminated on a claim when the debtor cannot be located, there is no security remaining to be liquidated, the applicable statute of limitations has run, and the prospects of collecting by offset notwithstanding the bar of the statute of limitations is too remote to justify retention of the claim.