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less, the admirable plan of nomenclature that science has provided for horticulturists, and which they cannot too much appreciate and respect."

3. The beneficial effects of the association of botany with horticulture. The pursuit of horticulture demands books and herbaria, as that of scientific botany requires cultivated living plants. Thence the necessity, which is more and more recognized, of bringing together the materials for comparison in the same town, the same establishment, and even under the same administration, organized so as to facilitate the use of them. How many institutions in Europe, either private or public, would be benefited by this arrangement! How many towns and countries are now deficient some in libraries, some in herbaria, some in respect to horticulture. Professional men proffer their complaint; let us hope that public opinion may end by listening to them."

The bringing together the means of study, I have said, is desirable. Not less so is the interchange of ideas and impressions, both of botanists and horticulturists. Each of these classes must clearly have distinct characteristics; but the one should be influenced by the other. By these means, some too retiring dispositions may be brought out, and certain dormant powers developed. Horticulture, for instance, has a commercial tendency which may be carried too far. Charlatanism may slide in among flowers. Botany, on the contrary, is a science, and consequently rests on the investigation of pure and simple truth. A horticulturist who allows himself to be influenced by a scientific spirit necessarily frees himself from over-selfish tendencies. Natural history, on its side, by reason of the perfection of its method, its nomenclature and its minute observations, has something technical and dry about it, which contrasts with the grandeur of nature, and with the sentiment of art. It is for horticulture, combining, as it does, the planning and the decorations of gardens, to develop the æsthetic faculties of the savant, as of the world in general. A lovely flower, beautiful trees, a splen

19 Two years ago I made a request to the Fédération des Sociétés d'Horticulture Belges, which appears to have been favorably received, and it may not be useless to repeat it here. It consisted in begging the horticulturists who obtain new varieties not to give them botanical names, with a Latin designation, but merely arbitrary names of quite a different nature, in order to avoid confusion and useless researches in books. For example, if they called a Calceolaria, Sebastopol, or Triomphe de Gand, every one would understand it meant a garden variety; but if they named it Lindleyi, or mirabilis, one would think that it was a botanical species, and would search for it in scientific works, or in the Floras of Chili; and botanists, happening perhaps to mistake it, would add it to the end of a genus in their books as a species imperfectly known. The more horticultural names differ from Latin ones, the better it is, unless they can be appended to the scientific nomenclature: as when we say Brassica campestris oleifera, instead of, shortly, Colza.

30 The Botanical Gardens at Kew are a fine example of what should be done, either on a large or a more modest scale, in many towns where the means of study are yet inconvenient or incomplete.

did floral exhibition, excite a sort of admiration, and even enthusiasm, similar to the effects produced by music or painting.

The powers of the German composers of modern days, and those of the Italian painters of the 16th century are justly extolled; but may it not also be said, that in point of art they are equalled in their way by the beautiful parks of old England? The feeling of harmony, in form and color-is it not also studied in them? The effect of contrast-is it not skillfully managed? The gradual transition from architectural to natural beautiesis it not treated in an admirable manner? Yes; decidedly the English landscape gardeners are poets; they have drawn from the same sources of inspiration as the most national writers of their country, and that source is the appreciation, so universal in England, of the beautiful, in an aspect of nature which is elegant and attractive, though somewhat grave.

Thus, gentlemen, for the development of our talents, as well as for our actual benefit, art and science keep pace together. Let us rejoice over their union, rendered conspicuous to day by this congress of botanists, held in connection with a great floral exhibition; and after these general observations-perhaps rather too protracted-let us enter upon the consideration of those more truly scientific subjects, in which many among you are no doubt disposed to take part.

ART. XXXVII.-Caricography; by Prof. C. DEWRY.

Continued from vol. xli, p. 331.-1866. (The 43d No.)

No. 299. Carex retrocurva, Dew. 1845.

Spikes distinct; staminate single, terminal pedunculate cylindric; pis tillate spikes 2-5, cylindric short-oblong rather close-flowered, often remote, leafy-bracteate long, and filiform-pedunculate pendulous or part resting on the earth, the lowest nearly radical; stigmas 3; fruit ovate or obtusish, short-rostrate, triquetrous, slightly nerved, about equaling its ovate cuspidate scale; culm 8-16 inches high, nearly erect, then subprostrate; leaves sub-radical, soft and wide; whole plant rather glaucous.

Open woods, Massachusetts and New York; south, north and west. When C. oligocarpa was confounded with C. digitalis, this was called by Dr. Gray C. oligocarpa var. latifolia, Gray, Gram. and Cyp., 1835, as quoted in Tor. Mon., p. 416, 1836.

No. 300. C. stylosa, Meyer. 1830.

Terminal spike erect, cylindric, short and staminate; pistillate spikes 2-3, often 2, short-cylindric, close-fruited, lowest leafy-bracteate and rather remote; stigmas 3; fruit ellipsoid triquetrous, stipitate, tapering above into a short beak with entire orifice, and exceeding the obtuse or ovate-oblong scale; culm scabrous above and leafy below; leaves linear, narrow and roughish on the margin.

Russian America-Unalaska, Meyer, and Sitka, Bongard. Contrary to the remark made in vol. xxix, p. 252, 1836, from Meyer's figure, this plant is not C. Carltonia, or even C. Parryana, Dew., but is far different. Mon. 1836.

No. 301. C. Hartwegii, Boott, Plant. Hartwegiana. 1842.

Spike compound, 2-3 inches long; spikelets 5-7, oblong or shortcylindric, staminate at their summit, alternate, the upper approximate and sessile, the lowest sometimes compound, also pedunculate sub-remote and bracteate; stigmas 3; fruit oval or ovate-oblong, rostrate, sub-triquetrous bidentate, sub-scabrous on the margin above and nerved, a little exceeding its ovate or oblong lanceolate scale which is green on the pale back; culm 8 to 10 inches high, rather slender, not filiform, but leafy; leaves narrow, flat, often longer than the culm, slightly rough on the margin; plant pale green.

The sterile, tumid and nerved scale between the spikelet and the axis at the buse of the lateral spikelets, noticed by Dr. Boott in this species and two others, is a very striking and curious character.

California, Dr. H. N. Bolander; Guatemala, Hartweg, says Dr. Boott in the above reference. From C. Deweyana, it differs in having three

stigmas.

No. 302. C. Davalliana, Smith. 1800?

Flowers dioecious with an oblong simple spike, never androgynous; fruit distigmatic, oblong-lanceolate, rostrate and roundish, tapering above and commonly much recurved, sub-scabrous above, nerved and longer than the ovate acute or awned scale; culm 5-8 inches high; leaves short, radical and filiform; both somewhat scabrous.

Rocky Mountains, Richardson; common in northern Europe. Separated from C. dioica, L., by the fruit, and from C. gynocrates, Wormsk., by being truly dioecious, as that has stamens often on its fertile spikes, as well as wholly staminate spikes, and hence is described as androgynous and polygamo-dioecious. Fries, Lang and Anderson notice these differThe plants from the Rocky Mountains are exactly like C. Davalliana from Europe, and President Smith of the Linnæan Society, is adequate authority for the specific name.

ences.

No. 303. C. Gayana, Desv.

Spike composed of 4-8 spikelets aggregated into an ovate head; spikelets staminate above, ovate, sessile, and the lower sometimes branched, or staminate and pistillate spikelets closely aggregated (Boott), or sometimes diœcious (Boott); stigmas two; fruit roundish ovate, shortacuminate or beaked, sub-scabrous above, shorter and narrower than the ovate-acuminate or broad ovate lanceolate or cuspidate scales; culm exceeding a foot in height and leafy toward the base; leaves narrow and long often as the culm, scabrous on the edge; all light green except the dark brown, and rusty-like spike.

Boundary Survey and Rocky Mountains, Fendler, 881, and Hall, of Ill. Notes.-1. C. fusiformis, Chapman, in vol. vi, p. 244, 1848, has been cancelled by the author; but as it is an authentic form of C. debilis, it here receives the name, C. debilis var. fusiformis, Dew. It is described in the above reference.

2. C. Oederi, Ehrht., has occurred in a diœcious form; numerous pistillate spikelets on one culm, and the staminate one to three short spikes on another culm, but both growing from the same root; about fifteen inches high.

Grand Isle, Judge Clinton; a singular form.

3. C. viridula, Mx., is a var. of C. Oederi, Ehrh., as Dr. Torrey learned from an examination of the herbarium of Michaux, and as stated in this Journal, xxvii, p. 276, 1835, and Tor. Mon., p. 417, 1836. New England, the state of New York, and Canada have given forms of C. Oederi, short, small, with smooth culm: spikes three, the two lower axillary or bracteate and pistillate entirely, nearly or quite sessile, and the upper one staminate below and all small, while the triquetrous rostrate acuminate fruit allies it to C. flava and not to C. triceps. It differs enough from C. Oederi in Michaux to have another name, but not since C. Oederi has been found so variable a species, and yet so alike itself. It differs even more from C. triceps and C. hirsuta. So accurate was Dr. Torrey in that early day in the determination of nearly all the species of Carex given by Michaux.

4. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl., C. polygana, Schk., (not Muh.) has very variable spikes, stigmas 3 in United States, and culm sharply triangular and very scabrous to partially smooth. The pistillate scales in Wahl., are said to be cuspidate, about equalling the fruit, and by others to be ovate, mucronate or cuspidate. On specimens from Germany the scales generally agree with the description, though much longer on some, and on specimens from Rhode Island the same, as well as from Canada W.; from the Rocky Mountains, with obtuse scales much shorter or much longer than the fruit; from Kentucky, Michigan, and New York, with scales ovate lanceolate or ovate cuspidate, often twice longer than the fruit, and black or dark; rusty on the sides as usual; culm very stiff and rough. From the marsh, Bergen.

5. C. striatula, Mx., 1803; xxvii, 278, 1835.

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These two were found to be the same by Dr. Torrey, as he had access to the herbarium of Michaux, and both are described under the last reference; of the latter, its synonym, C. conoidea, Muh., given, while some botanists placed it under C. anceps.

6. C. vaginata, Tausch, xli, p. 227, 1866, and var. alticaulis, Dew. Both of these forms have been abundant this season in the marsh at Bergen. The former is the shorter and has the larger fruit; the latter has much the more slender culm with narrow leaves. The latter has also been collected in great numbers at Belleville, C. W., by Macoun, with few of the former. The refracted culm above the upper pistillate spike has been uncommon this year at either locality.

AM. JOUR. SCI.-SECOND SERIES, VOL. XLII, No. 125.-SEPT., 1866.

32

ART. XXXVIII.-Mineral Notices; by CHARLES UPHAM SHEPARD.

1. On Hagemannite, a new mineral from Arksutfiord, Greenland.

FOR my knowledge of the present species I am indebted to Mr. G. Hagemann, chemist to the Natrona chemical works, Alleghany county, Pennsylvania, for whom it is named and from whom I received it, along with its associates, pachnolite, cryolite, etc.

The mineral is in seams and veins of from one-third to half an inch in thickness, generally having white cryolite closely adhering to its sides, though it sometimes traverses a drusy ferruginous pachnolite. It has in some instances the appearance of having been deposited in layers over broad undulating surfaces, when it resembles certain opaline deposits, as menilite. Its color is ochre- or wax-yellow, rarely with a faint tinge of green; and being impalpable in structure, dull (or only faintly glimmering) and opake, it reminds one of a very compact iron-flint, or of the yellow variety of chloropal from Alar, Bavaria. Its streak is paler than its color. It is not difficultly frangible, and shows an even fracture. H.=30 to 3.5. G. 2.59 to 2:60. It adheres but feebly to the tongue, without emitting a strong argillaceous odor.

When held in the flame of a candle, it decrepitates with surprising energy, throwing considerable fragments to a distance. In order to prepare it for blowpipe experiments, the mineral requires to be heated in a closed tube, during which it is observed to evolve much water and hydrofluoric acid. The decrepitated fragments soften easily in the first heat of the blowpipe, but without assuming a globular shape like cryolite. The color of the fused fragment passes quickly from light-pearl to a dirty greenish-gray. To borax it only imparts a feeble iron tinge. Its powder heated in a porcelain crucible to full ignition lost 10.1 p. c., and fused into a pinkish-white hard mass with a very rough surface. Having satisfied myself of the homogeneous nature of the mineral and its leading constitution, I requested Mr. Hagemann to undertake its analysis; and I here subjoin the results he has reached.

"In the specimen selected, (G. =2.83) it was impossible to discover even with the microscope, anything but the yellow mineral, which showed in many places a crystalline structure, or minute golden yellow points. It was hard to pulverize. The powder was heated with sulphuric acid in a platinum dish, whereby, with slight warmth, it evolved SiFl,. When farther heated, it turned white, was easily decomposed, and by boiling with water and

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