P. 106. 1. 6. dele though if . . . . . . conflicts.

110. 1. 3. for Wiltsætas read Wilsætas.

1. 8. for already observed read it seems.

114. n.3 after Offa add It seems pretty evident that this genealogy, though given as Danish in the Danish chronicles, is that of the Anglian kings of Sleswig, the ancestors of the kings of Mercia.

117. 1. 20. dele from According to.

118. dele notes and 2.

to south.

120. 1. 11. for Thornsætas and Wiltsætas, read Dornsætas and

Wilsætas.

128. 1. 16. to election append the following note: When engaged

on the first edition of the present work, I felt strongly tempted to suppress, or, at least, to modify, a part of what Dr. Lappenberg had written on the subject of the Bretwaldaship, but was withheld by the consideration, that in every question on which opinions are divided, and more particularly one on which I had myself arrived at no decision, I had no right either to omit or tamper with the words of the original: I therefore faithfully translated them without comment. Since then I have read the observations of Mr. Hallam and Mr. Kemble on the same subject, with which in the main I am inclined to coincide. (See Archæol. xxxii. p. 245. Hallam, Middle Ages, ii. p. 350. Kemble, Saxons in England, ii. p. 8.).

The sole source, whence all our information regarding these paramount kings is derived, is Beda, (H. E. lib. ii. 5.), who supplies us with a list of seven. The Saxon Chronicle, after copying Beda (a. 827), adds Ecgberht, as an eighth. The first of them is Ælle, who landed in Sussex from three ships; and, five or six years after, having received considerable reinforcements from Germany, crushed the Britons and destroyed their stronghold Anderida ; in consequence of which success he appears to have obtained a preponderance that either prompted him to assume, or his followers, or the contemporary chieftains, to confer on him, the title of Brytenwalda, or Bretwalda (lord over the Britons). Ceawlin, king of Wessex, the second in the list, obtained the title, according to all probability, in like manner, by his successes against the Britons. How Æthelberht, king of Kent, the third on the list, acquired it, history omits to inform us; though Beda tells us, that he held sway over all the country as far as the Humber, and might, therefore, well be "walda,” or

ruler, over a considerable British population; as the Germanic state of Mercia was then in its early infancy. Equally unknown to us is the way in which Redwald, king of East Anglia, obtained the title. He possibly assumed it on the defeat of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, and, if an evidently corrupt passage in Beda (lib. ii. 5.) may be so interpreted (" qui etiam, vivente Ædilbercto, eidem (eundem?) suæ genti ducatum præbebat.") during the lifetime of Radwald. The three Northumbrian kings, Eadwine, Oswald, and Oswiu, either assumed, or had the title of Brytenwalda conferred on them by their people, as one denoting supremacy, without regard to its primitive signification, as is the case at the present day among ourselves; for who now in an usher (huissier, from old Fr. huis, door), whether of the black or the birchen rod, sees a door-keeper? or in a marshal (Ohg. marah, horse, and scalh, schalk, servant), whether city- or field-, a horseboy? And does not the protestant sovereign of England still retain the title of Defender of the [Roman catholic] faith, conferred by the pope on Henry VIII., for having written against the protestant faith? and until recently that of king of France ? and are there not still kings of Cyprus and Jerusalem? From the foregoing it will be seen that I do not place implicit confidence in the words of Beda, whose information regarding the southern states of the "Heptarchy" was far from perfect, but rather incline to the supposition, that the title in question was either assumed by its bearer, or conferred on him by his army or people, without regard to its primitive import. Whether he bore the name of Brytenwalda, or Bretwalda, seems doubtful.

Mr. J. M. Kemble (Saxons in England, ii. p. 20.) would render Brytenwalda by “an extensive, powerful king," deriving its first component from the verb breôtan, to distribute, divide; but this interpretation I think hardly applicable to the case, although I admit that it seems countenanced by Ethelweard, who, translating the Saxon Chronicle, renders the word by pollens potestate. But is bryten, in the sense of extensive, etc. ever found in prose? I believe not. Against this rendering is also Mr. Kemble's own citation from the Codex Diplomaticus (V. pp. 217, 218), viz. "Ego Æthelstanus, Angul-Saxonum necnon et totius Britanniæ rex," which is afterwards expressed in Saxon by " Ic Æthelstân, Ongol-Saxna cyning and brytenwalda eallæs yses iglandæs. Mr. K. (ib. p. 22.) says: "I am not prepared to admit the probability of a territorial title, at a time when kings were kings of the people, not of the land." But what is "totius Britanniæ rex?" not to notice numerous similar instances in the Codex Diplomaticus. The word Bretwalda occurs but once (Sax. Chron. a. 827.), and Brytenwalda only in the charter of Æthelstân just quoted.

1 The French, in the word maréchal (a farrier), have retained something of the primitive signification.

P. 135. 1. 15. for nevertheless read indeed. 154. 1. 13. for brother read step-father. 155. 1. 14. for brother read kinsman. n.2 for 22 read 20.

157. n.1 for iii. 2. read iii. 1.

159. 1. 27. dele Though.

Gewissas.

160. 1. 16. dele the northern boundary of Wessex. 161. 1. 7. for that kingdom read England.

-

1. 11. for his landing read reaching Wessex. 169. 1 22. for the king of Kent read Eadwine. 178. 1. 9. dele under their king Birdei.

185. 1. 16. for his adherents read Ebbe, the sister of king Oswiu, and abbess of Coldingham.

189. 1. 4. for English clergy read agents of the archbishop. - 1. 27. after year, add at Oundle in Northamptonshire. 191. 1. 22. after Saxons add with the sole exception, perhaps, of the church of St. Martin, near Canterbury.

192. 1. 23. for former read latter. 199. n.1 add at the end [Perhaps the sense might be made clearer by altering the punctuation, thus: semper decimam mansionem ; ubi minimum sit, tamen, etc. always the tenth manse; where it [the possession] is very small, still the tenth part, etc.

206. 1. 9. dele the.

219. n. 5. after 320 add and Thorpe's Beowulf, p. 217. 221. 1. 24. for the British.... Bretwaldaship read a supremacy over them.

252. 1. 4. after Bampton read in Devonshire.

286. 1. 15. under Cwichelm add Cuthred ob. 661. 291. 1. 14. dele Mercelin.

7. 1. 12.

after monarch add Wiglâf was succeeded by Beorhtwulf, who, after a reign of thirteen years, was driven beyond sea by the Northern pirates 2.

P. 7. 1. 12. add note 2. Flor. Wigorn. a. 838. W. Malm. p. 133.
14. 1. 17. dele Even..

of England.

19. 1. 7. note dele see vol. i. p. 218.

39. 1. 23. for principal read middle.

41. 1. 20. after Winburne add: Having died in warfare with
pagans, the Catholic Church has enrolled him among

1. 30. dele and they..

oppressed.

tithes.

94. 1. 17. for Britons read Bretons.
99. 1. 4.

101.1.25 for Ethelweard read Elfweard.

106. 1. 11. after mistake add of Guthorm in Denmark.
112. note

for Ethelthryth, read Cynethryth.

116. 1. 21. dele by the fair Hewa.

117. 1. 6. for -second read -seventh.

142. 1. 4. dele already.

156. 1. 16. for Æthelstan read Æthelred.

179. 1. 9. dele It.

187. 1. 6. dele but

people. and dele note '.

martyrs.

189. note. 1. 4. for Burton read Bampton.

190. 1. 25. after Arewe read Orwell, and dele note 4.

210. 1. 17. after you read like dogs.

218. 1. 9. for Alan read him.

222. dele note 2.

238. dele note 1.

242. 1. 2. for Biörn read Sweyn.

246. 1. 19. after of add a noble lady named.

250. 1. 12.
302. 1. 12.

dele younger, and after brother add Leofwine.
after foundations add On receiving intelligence of Ha-
rold's fall, the earls Eadwine and Morkere proceeded
to London, and sent their sister, queen Ealdgyth, to
Chester.

add note. Fl. Wigorn. a. 1066.

note 2. 1. 3. dele For .

369. 1. 18. for Ethelweard read Elfweard.

wife of Harold.

THE END.