young lovers' telephone goes next, because nearly half of the raw materials used in making it come by sea. Then will go the pots and pans, toaster and vacuum cleaner, because more than 75 percent of our aluminum depends on ships reaching our shores. No more coffee at the student union either; all of that is imported.

All of the canned goods must go in the stack too; 100 percent of our tin comes from overseas. Meantime, those coeds not already barefoot will have to toss away their shoes, because the tanning of leather depends on imported chromium salts. And some three-letter man might as well climb on the roof and rip off the shingles if they have any asbestos in them-that's almost 100percent imported.

At any rate, by the time your students are about half finished with this mental experiment it should be crystal clear just how utterly dependent we are on things brought to us by ship across the sea. With this behind them, your students might show some interest in oceanography.

Oceanography no longer means just knowledge of winds and waves, tides and currents, shoals and reefs. It calls today for a mass of usable information about chemical and biological factors, bottom contours and sea-air interface, underocean rivers and terrain faults, thermoclines and temperature gradients, gravity, and magnetic characteristics.

Knowledge of all these things is essential for development of the vast store of food and mineral resources that abound in and under the oceans; for increasing the safety and efficiency of world travel and commerce on the high seas; for more accurate prediction of weather, climate, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, and for the design and operation of seaborne weapons systems to defend America.

We must find new sources of food and minerals to support the growing population of the world. Already we know that the continental shelves-those underocean lands extending up to a few hundred miles offshore-contain 40 percent of known oil reserves. Virtually all of the world's commercially recoverable magnesium and bromine is in the sea. Fabulous diamond deposits have been found off the coast of Africa. There is 38 pounds of gold in each cubic mile of sea water.

We now harvest 35 million tons of fish a year and could increase this tenfold if we knew just a little more about their environment. The key to prediction of the hurricanes and tornadoes that harrass our four-State area well could lie in the interrelation of the sea and air.

But placing aside all these marvels which could excite your engineers and scientists, let us never forget there is something in sea study for the Government class as well.

Knowledge of the oceans is power-national power to exert military and economic influence around the world. America's ability to project military power over wide areas in the politically turbulent Mediterranean, and the Far East is an accepted fact.

But present American seapower is based-as we have noted-upon only the most circumspect knowledge of the real secrets of the oceans. And the Communist world knows that.

Sir Walter Raleigh observed in the 16th century that whoever commands the sea commands the world itself. But, communism was not around in the 16th century and that massive, land-based philosophy was late in learning the power of the sea. In fact, you will remember that Winston Churchill characterized the East-West struggle as a "conflict between the land beast and the sea beast" *** between the bear and the whale, so to speak.

Except that now the bear has learned to swim.

I think it is not too farfetched to say that this swimming lesson was administered during World War II. In those trying years the Soviet Union was an impatient customer on the far end of Atlantic sea lanes, grumbling about the shortage of supplies and the time it took to get them to Murmansk. We told them why-Nazi submarines were sinking ships-often faster than we could build them. This was a basic lesson in seapower for the Russians; one that they learned well and have not forgotten.

So the threat the students of the next decade must face up to is not a great land bear, but a polar bear, if you will. A polar bear capable of swimming far from land, and underwater when necessary-a polar bear that will be just as content with our burial if that burial comes at sea.

An while the polar bear has been testing his new found strategy, the whale has been asleep.

No longer may the Soviet and Red Chinese sea strength be written off as a few rusty tubs in the Baltic, a few subs at Vladivostok and Canton and some dubious cruisers bottled up in the Black Sea. Their navy is second only to our own, and their rising merchant ship tonnage may well exceed ours by next year. On any sea you can name, it's "Drop the anchor and pass the caviar."

The Soviet Navy has more than 2,500 ships and some 400 submarines. They have a northern fleet, a Baltic Sea Fleet, a Black Sea Fleet, and a Pacific Fleet. The Soviet merchant marine has more than 1,000 ships and has declared war on the West where merchant navies are concerned. Their timetable calls for the number of their ships, and the tonnage involved, to pass us next year-and to double that capacity in 5 years.

The Communists conduct the most vigorous oceanographic program in the world today. They also operate the largest, most modern fishing fleet-a fleet that often seines for things other than fish. All this they have done the hard way. And all this hardship they undertook for just one reason. They saw the Western whale asleep in the deep and found him vulnerable.

This is the Communist plan and the Communist challenge for your students during the next decade. It is a challenge that we who are involved with providing education had better prepare our students for. It is a challenge to shake us from our strategic straitjacket of landlubber thinking.

Your students, under your urging, must stick a pin in the whale and awaken him before the polar bear bites off his tail and renders him immobile.

And that's the task I see for you in the decade ahead. The task involves all of your past problems of administration and discipline and guidance and motivation. And it involves freedom.

The committee is recessed until the call of the chairman. (Whereupon, at 3:05 p.m., the committee adjourned.)

NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COUNCIL

MONDAY, APRIL 12, 1965

U.S. SENATE,

COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE,

Washington, D.C.

The committee was called to order, pursuant to call of the Chair, at 10:23 a.m., in room 5110, New Senate Office Building, Hon. Warren G. Magnuson, chairman of the committee, presiding.

The CHAIRMAN. The committee will come to order. We hope to have a few more members of the committee, but this is not a very good week. Many members are taking a well-earned vacation, but we want to finish these hearings if we can from this end. We will resume the hearings on S. 944, to expand research in the oceans and the Great Lakes and to establish a National Oceanographic Council. This top-level Council would be similar to the National Aeronautics and Space Council, the National Security Council, the Federal Radiation Council, and the proposed Water Resources Council, all of which have membership composed mainly of Cabinet officers.

Incidentially, bills which would create the Water Resources Council have passed both the Senate and the House. The composition of the Council in both the House and Senate bills is the same: the Secretaries of the Interior, Agriculture, Army, Health, Education, and Welfare, and the chairman of the Federal Power Commission. These bills, I may add, have the strong support of all administrative agencies concerned and of the Bureau of the Budget.

The National Oceanographic Council would be composed of the secretaries of departments having oceanographic missions and concerns, the Directors of the National Science Foundation and Office of Science and Technology, the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission, and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Establishment of a National Oceanographic Council will put marine and Great Lakes science, engineering, and technology on an administrative parity with the programs of the Space Council, Radiation Council, and the soon-to-be-established Council to coordinate development of our fresh-water resources.

Industry has an immense role in all of these programs. It has a tremendous role also in the oceanographic program, though a role which I doubt has yet been sufficiently recognized. American private industry has unquestionably the most advanced technological and engineering capabilities of any nation in the world.

Application of this know-how to marine research and development can give and I am confident with some encouragement will giveAmerica undisputed leadership in ocean science, ocean engineering,

and in utilization of our rich marine resources, vital to our national security, welfare, and economy.

For that reason the committee has invited industry representatives to testify today, plus the present and past Oceanographers of the Navy who have, perhaps, the closest Government contact with industry in this field.

May I add that I personally-and the full membership of the committee joins me am extremely grateful to these industry witnesses who have come long distances and at a considerable expense to testify here today in response to the committee's invitation.

We have five or six very important people in this field appearing. I am going to call on them not necessarily in any particular order, but I have listed here first the Honorable Richard T. Hanna, who is a Representative in Congress from California's 34th District, one of the several Congressmen who have introduced bills for this purpose. We will be glad to hear from you at this time, Mr. Hanna. STATEMENT OF HON. RICHARD T. HANNA, REPRESENTATIVE OF CONGRESS OF THE 34TH DISTRICT, CALIFORNIA

Mr. HANNA. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

The CHAIRMAN. These bills are companion bills, are they not?
Mr. HANNA. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Fine; thank you.

Mr. HANNA. Mr. Chairman, and members of this distinguished committee. I am sincerely grateful for this opportunity to appear before you today to discuss Senate bill 944, the National Oceanographic Act of 1965. I will be very brief, since my main purpose is simply to express full support for the proposed legislation. I have, in fact, as the chairman has indicated, introduced similar legislation on the other side.

The need for a stepped-up program of oceanographic research is, I believe, undeniable. Our national security demands we respond to the Soviet Union's aggressive challenge in the "wet war." We must preclude a serious "penetration gap" in our respective efforts within "inner-space" as the vast ocean environment has come to be called.

Our future economic strength and position dictates that we lead in the world's effort to tap the great resources of the sea for food, for minerals, for energy and for potable water. Our concern for scientific leadership calls clearly for an all-out research effort to learn more of the anatomy of the sea; its inner relationships of chemistry, biology, temperature, and currents; the outer relationships between the inner-space of the oceans and the upper-space of atmosphere which creates weather conditions that affect all of man's activities. The predictable scientific benefits of this research in climatology, communications, and the mapping of the oceans' floor and currents, are staggering.

We are fortunate, Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, to have had the benefits in this land, of the good work and sign'ficant accomplishments of individuals and groups within many agencies of government, scientific departments of universities and colleges, and research laboratories of private firms and institutions.

Much of this work has been little heralded and greatly underfinanced. Our present position which allows for great potential and rich promise would not be so strong had it not been for the work of those who have labored long in this field.

I believe their work has been excellent, and should be applauded as well as encouraged. I strongly disagree with those who would create a new all-powerful super-agency on oceanography, or a new all-absorbent bureau that dries up the activities that now exist.

Our program is such that we can ill-afford to have oceanographers administering the work of other oceanographers. Each should be employed on the front lines of research rather than being behind a desk. With this in mind, I am particularly pleased with the emphasis on interagency cooperation employed in S. 944.

Here administrators deal with other administrators, while the vital field work goes on. Furthermore, a highly prestigeous National Oceanographic Council would serve the great need for drawing attention to, and increasing interest in and concern about, the study of our oceans while leaving our present force in the field.

What I believe is too often our error, gentlemen, is that we hasten to create machinery for coordination before we have thought out and clearly expressed the goal, or goals, we seek or the national purpose or aims we are to pursue.

One of the first tasks to which the National Oceanographic Council could well address itself would be the expressions of goals, interests, and purposes to which our Nation should be committed. Closely following such determination we need to develop understandings as to the role the Government should play in achieving its goals and purposes. How it intends to pursue its interests.

I do believe that the legal aspects of oceanographic research deserve inclusion among those mentioned specifically in the first three parts, Paragraph E of section 301. These appear on pages 4 and 5 of the bill. We have already seen numerous conflicts over newly discovered fishing grounds and mineral resources found in international waters, and disputes over just what are international waters.

With stepped-up oceanographic research being carried on by many nations, we can anticipate an increased frequency and seriousness of these disagreements. Our body of law in this area is clearly inadequate and I, therefore, believe that we should begin now to encourage the legal research necessary to prepare for, and to help avoid, the international legal problems which will otherwise become a very cumbersome burden to oceanographic research.

We have recently expanded the jurisdiction of our national waters with legal claims described in congressional action that extends the Continental Shelf boundaries and opens an immense expanse of open territory for exploitation under national law.

The need for fuller and clearer expressions of such law will soon be evident and needs to be vigorously developed immediately. The oceans of our world, an expanse of 71 percent of the world's surface, is a great area of comparative lawlessness as regards the newer and heretofore unimagined activities and exploitations. One scientist compares it to the "Wild West" of a century ago.

Unless something is done to encourage an evolvement of equitable international law, the possibilities of shoot outs on the ocean main