(5) Conclusions

The Committee has come to the following conclusions:

a. While recognizing that there are many ways to promote scientific cooperation between Japan and the United States, the Committee has decided to concentrate on the following points:

(a) The promotion of further exchange of scholars.

(b) The encouragement of exchange of more scientific information and materials.

(c) The encouragement and the pursuit of joint research projects in certain specific scientific areas.

b. Although important and appropriate subjects of joint research in various fields are numerous, the Committee has selected the following three fields as subjects of further study with the goal of developing concrete forms of joint research:

(a) Scientific investigation of the Pacific Ocean.

(b) Animal and plant biogeography and ecology of the Pacific

area.

(c) Cancer research.

These three significant fields were chosen because the results are expected to be mutually beneficial, and they might become the model for future projects in other fields.

рага

c. Before the next Committee meeting the items identified in graphs a. and b. will be studied jointly through consultation with experts within each nation and by communication between the chairmen, Dr. Kaneshige and Dr. Kelly.

The questions of exchange of persons and study of languages are extremely important in scientific cooperation; at the same time they are subjects that would also be of concern to the Japan-U.S. Educational and Cultural Committee. Therefore, it is highly desirable to establish close liaison between the two Committees.

KOREA

477. KOREAN PARTICIPATION, WITHOUT THE RIGHT TO VOTE, IN UNITED NATIONS DISCUSSION OF THE KOREAN QUESTION: Resolution Adopted by Committee I of the U.N. General Assembly, April 12, 1961 65

The First Committee

Decides to invite a representative of the Republic of Korea as well

65 U.N. doc. A/C.1/837. This resolution, sponsored by the United States and subsequently twice amended (see the 2 footnotes below), was adopted by a vote of 59 (including the U.S.) to 14, with 23 abstentions.

as a representative of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, provided that the latter first unequivocally accepts the competence and authority of the United Nations within the terms of the Charter to take action on the Korean question, as has already been done by the Republic of Korea," to participate, without the right to vote, in the discussion of the Korean question.

"THE COMMITTEE [HAS] DECIDED ... TO RECOMMEND ... THAT CONSIDERATION OF THIS [KOREAN] ITEM ... BE ADJOURNED UNTIL THE SIXTEENTH SESSION": Report of Committee I of the U.N. General Assembly, Adopted April 21, 1961 68

478. UNITED STATES VIEWS ON POSTPONEMENT OF UNITED NATIONS CONSIDERATION OF THE KOREAN QUESTION: Statement Made by the U.S. Representative (Stevenson) Before the U.N. General Assembly, April 21, 1961 (Excerpts)69

I should... like to say that I would face the inevitability of forgoing discussion of the Korean item . . . with reluctance. But I am prepared to do so while deeply regretting that we have been unable to hear from the distinguished representatives of the United Nations Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea 70 and from the distinguished Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Korea. Both of these gentlemen, I remind the committee, were invited to participate in our discussion of this question which evidently we will not have sufficient time to undertake, despite its importance. Both of these gentlemen traveled half way around the world to be with us and have given us generously of their valuable time in placing themselves at the disposal of our committee. On behalf of the United

71

*The phrase "as well as a representative of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea" was added at the request of the Representative of Indonesia (A/C.1/ L.272). In agreeing to this amendment, the U.S. Representative (Ambassador Yost) said: "We did not wish to take up the time of the committee by a debate over language, but we do consider it important to point out that the application of the title given the north Korean regime in the resolution in no way affects its status, nor do we recognize its authority." (U.S.-U.N. press release 3693).

The phrase "provided that the latter first unequivocally accepts the competence and authority of the United Nations within the terms of the Charter to take action on the Korean question, as has already been done by the Republic of Korea" was added at the request of the Representative of the United States (A/C.1/L.273).

65

U.N. doc. A/4746. The Committee made this recommendation from the fact that the General Assembly had set April 21 as the target date for the conclusion of the resumed 15th session.

63 U.S.-U.N. press release 3710 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, May 15, 1961, p. 741).

7 Dr. Juan M. Arreglado.

"Yil Hyung Chyung.

States I deeply regret that circumstances have made it impossible for us to proceed with this item.

479. KOREAN-UNITED STATES EXCHANGE OF VIEWS ON PROBLEMS OF COMMON INTEREST: Joint Statement Issued at Washington by the Secretary of State (Rusk) and the Korean Foreign Minister (Chyung), April 25, 1961 72

Foreign Minister Yil Hyung Chyung, Republic of Korea, and Secretary of State Dean Rusk, United States of America, met in Washington today [April 25] and, in a most cordial and friendly atmosphere, exchanged views frankly on problems of common interest. Secretary Rusk expressed his Government's continued support for the efforts of the Government of the Republic of Korea, the only lawful government in Korea, to achieve unification of Korea in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter and resolutions. Particular reference was made to the resolution recently adopted by the Political Committee of the United Nations which provided that the north Korean regime could not participate in the deliberation on Korea unless it first unequivocally accepted the competence and authority of the United Nations.73 It was agreed by Foreign Minister Chyung and Secretary Rusk that the north Korean response failed in all respects to meet these conditions. Indeed,

72 Department of State press release No. 259 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, May 15, 1961, pp. 711–712).

73 Ante, doc. 477.

74 The north Korean response, dated Apr. 17, 1961 (U.N. doc. A/C.1/838), read as follows:

At the meeting on 12 April 1961 of the First Committee, at the fifteenth session of the United Nations General Assembly, the United States delegate, disregarding the righteous claim of the delegates of many countries, had forced to pass his unjust resolution to invite "with proviso" a representative of the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to participate in the discussion of the Korean question. To attach any condition in inviting a party concerned to participate in the discussion of questions in the United Nations is a shameful act, which has no precedent in the history of the United Nations. and an unjust action entirely running counter to the principles of the United Nations. This is, in fact, a machination of the United States Government to continue to exclude, as it did in the past, the participation of the representative of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the discussion of the Korean question in the United Nations.

The participation of the representative of the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, a party concerned, in the discussion of the Korean question in the United Nations is a fair and square right of the Korean people. which nobody can infringe upon. The Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea has always respected and supported the United Nations Charter. But only the United States Government has grossly violated the United Nations Charter, and has kept on impairing the authority of the United Nations. The United States Government has waged an aggressive war in Korea, making fraudulent use of the United Nations signboard, and, occupy ing South Korea, is hampering the peaceful unification of Korea. The United Nations must, on the basis of the principles of its Charter, take measures for the withdrawal of the United States forces and all other foreign troops from South Korea. The Korean question can be settled only by the Koreans them

the north Korean regime once more reiterated its defiance of the competence and authority of the United Nations. Under these circumstances, they agreed, no useful purpose could be served by the presence of representatives of northern Korea until the conditions set forth by the United Nations Political Committee have been met.

Minister Chyung expressed the deep gratitude of the Korean Government and people for the economic and military assistance given by the United States. Minister Chyung also requested Secretary Rusk to continue to give full cooperation and assistance to the Korean Government in achieving economic stabilization and self-sufficiency by providing long-range and comprehensive aid. Secretary Rusk stated that the record of United States economic cooperation and assistance for the Republic of Korea amply demonstrates United States interest in Korean economic development and willingness to cooperate with the Korean Government in this connection. At the same time, the Secretary welcomed the Foreign Minister's statements with respect to increased emphasis in the Republic of Korea on long-range economic development.

They agreed that the Governments of the Republic of Korea and the United States will make every effort, through negotiations, for timely conclusion of a status-of-forces agreement.

They reviewed, in particular, the current situation in the Far East, and agreed to consult with each other with respect to the peace and security of that area.

They also exchanged views on the various issues now outstanding between Korea and Japan. They recognized that the early normalization of the relations between Korea and Japan was in the interest of the two countries concerned and in the interest of the peace and security of that part of Asia.

They also discussed the forthcoming visit to the United States this summer by Prime Minister Dr. John M. Chang.

480. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE KOREAN MILITARY COUP D'ÉTAT: Announcement Issued at Seoul by the Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee (Lieutenant General Chang), May 16, 1961 75

The military authorities which have shown forbearance and self-restraint at last launched an all-out action this dawn, completely occupying all the adminis

selves. No foreign interference whatsoever in the internal affairs of the Korean people must be allowed. This principle must be observed in the event of discussing the Korean question in the United Nations. So long as the Korean question is discussed in the United Nations, the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea will send its representative. The Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea will not recognize any unjust resolution adopted in the United Nations without the participation and approval of its representative.

75 Unofficial translation (text as printed in U.N. doc. A/4900, pp. 5-6).

trative, legislative and judiciary branches of the State and organizing a Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC)."

ΤΟ

The Military Revolution Committee will:

1. Lay down anticommunism as the first national policy and reorganize and strengthen the anticommunism posture discarding superficial slogans and lipservice on anticommunism henceforth;

2. Respect and observe the United Nations Charter, faithfully honor international treaties, and strengthen friendly ties with the free world countries, including the United States;

3. Eliminate all kinds of corruption and evil in this country and stir up fresh currents in order to rectify a degraded national morale and spirit;

4. Solve livelihood for the people now in desperation and starvation and exert all powers to achieve the nation's self-sufficient economy at the earliest possible -date:

5. Exert all efforts to foster strength so as to cope with communism for the long cherished national unification;

6. Prepare itself for transfer of the political power to the fresh and conscientious politicians at any time, and when our tasks are fulfilled we will return to our original mission.

Beloved brethren!

We hope that the people will entirely trust this Military Revolutionary Committee and keep their offices and business as usual.

Our country from this moment is creating a new and powerful history with our hopes.

Our country commands us to have patience, courage and to advance.
Long live Korea! Long live uprising forces!

481. KOREAN DESIRE TO MAINTAIN “THE MOST FRIENDLY TIES" WITH THE UNITED STATES: Message From the Chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee of the Republic of Korea (Lieutenant General Chang) to the President of the United States (Kennedy), May 18, 1961 **

77

On behalf of the Military Revolutionary Committee I wish to express my sincere respect and gratitude to the Government and people of your country for the assistance and contribution made toward the progress and prosperity of the Republic of Korea. It is the aim of the Republic of Korea to uphold demoeracy, based on liberty, equality and good neighborliness.

Although the April revolution of 1960 carried out by students was successful with the overwhelming support of the Korean people and international sympathy, after one year since the assumption of power by the Democratic Party the people still find themselves in the condition of starvation and despair, and the Government continued to follow the ill practices and corruption of the past. This situation also resulted in endangering our capacity to combat effectively the Communist threats.

Unable to let the situation deteriorate any further, at dawn on May 16, 1961. the military acted to overthrow the Government and took complete control of the executive, legislative and judiciary powers of government. Thus, we embarked upon the sacred revolutionary task of overthrowing the corrupt and in-efficient regime and of saving the people and the country.

The following are our pledges:

1. Anti-communism.

2. Adherence to the United Nations Charter and respect for the faithful fulfillment of all international treaties and agreements.

76 Originally consisting of five Korean generals.

77 Department of State Bulletin, June 19, 1961, p. 962.

78 See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 680–681.