The President and the Vice President welcomed the announced policies of the new Korean Government to continue its partnership with the free world, to oppose communism, and to combat the economic problems that face the Korean people.20

In their discussion of Chinese representation in the United Nations there was a candid and comprehensive exchange of views on all relevant issues including the pending applications for United Nations membership of Outer Mongolia and Mauritania.21 The President reiterated firm United States support for continued representation of the Republic of China in the United Nations, of which she is a founding member. He also reaffirmed the U.S. determination to continue to oppose admission of the Chinese Communist regime to the United Nations.22

The President and the Vice President expressed their intention to support the admission to the United Nations of the nations emerging into independence which meet the qualifications set forth in the charter. In this connection they noted with concern the Soviet veto which has frustrated the admission of Mauritania.23 The Vice President dedeclared that the Republic of China has consistently supported admission of the newly independent states and that it will continue to support the deserved admission of Mauritania.

The President and the Vice President reviewed conditions on the China mainland. In the economic field, they noted that Communist mismanagement, unworkable agricultural policies, and the commune system have brought serious food shortages and grave hardships to the Chinese people. They noted that reports from refugees and visitors indicate the magnitude of the apathy, discontent, and disillusionment on the mainland of China. They agreed that these developments provide vivid proof that the Communist regime cannot meet the genuine needs and desires of the Chinese people for economic and social progress.

The President and the Vice President discussed United States assistance for the continued economic growth of free China. The President noted the remarkable achievements of the past ten years in Taiwan, which have brought unprecedented improvements in the standard of living, in public health and education, and in industrial and agricultural output. He noted that, in contrast with the disregard for human rights manifested by the Chinese Communist regime, this record was accomplished without violence to the great traditions and human values which have been cherished throughout history by the Chinese people. The President confirmed the intention of the United States Government to continue its military aid program in the Republic of China and to provide substantial assistance to the Republic of China in support of its economic development program designed to achieve accelerated social and economic progress for the welfare of the people of free China.

20 See post, docs. 480-481 and 484.

21 See ante, docs. 34-37.

22 See ante, doc. 43.

23 See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 57-58.

In conclusion, the President and the Vice President recognized the importance of further strengthening the close cooperation and coordination of both countries in matters affecting their common security interests.

466. THE NEED FOR MORE THOROUGH STUDY OF COMMUNIST CHINA: Reply Made by the Under Secretary of State (Bowles) to a Question Asked Following an Address Before the National Press Club, August 15, 1961 (Excerpt) 24

I would plead with great feeling that we try to think beyond the question of recognizing China and Outer Mongolia and all these other legal questions to a recognition of what China is all about. I don't see enough on this subject. I don't find enough people studying it in the universities or even in Government. It has become a kind of closed book. We refuse to think about China, and this is the greatest danger in my opinion.

There are many phases to China. China, number one, is Communist under a very rough and ruthless Communist dictatorship. China is also imperialistic. If you read Chinese history as most of you have, you see this over and over again: Whenever there has been a new dynasty, bringing new dynamism into the government of China, there you have had a push beyond China's old borders, as when the Ming dynasty pushed down toward Indonesia into southeast Asia, and the Manchus pushed west. They have always overflowed their boundaries; they have always pushed into Tibet and been pushed out again as the dynasty lost its drive.

And then China is something else. China is a have-not nation, a have-not in two very essential commodities-food and oil. They have to import something like 60 percent of their oil as far as we can judge. They also have less than 2 acres of land for every rural family. Any one who knows anything about agriculture knows that 2 acres to feed your own family and produce a surplus that goes to the cities are very dangerously inadequate. So here you have communism; on top of that you have imperialistic tradition and the same "have-not-ism" that sent Japan exploding through much of Asia. This was a motivating force behind Hitler's invasion of the Balkans, where he saw the grain and where he saw the oil that he could so easily reach out for.

Indeed, this is almost a classic situation leading to aggression, that is, a country with inadequate resources, a very rough, tough, and competent leadership, with adjacent countries which have the very resources which the first country lacks. All this makes China something that we have to study and reckon with.

The great question is, of course, can we contain China militarily I believe we can and must. And also, what ways are there for the

"The reply printed here is taken from pp. 486 487 of the Department of State Bulletin, Sept. 18, 1961 (reprint of Department of State press release No. 570A, Aug. 21, 1961).

future to let steam out of the Chinese boiler? You cannot contain steam past a certain point without that steam exploding. Whether that steam can be let out is largely a matter of time, I think. If the crisis should come in the next 2 or 3 years, there wouldn't be enough time. But time may bring many changes, mellowing changes, that will be in our favor. I really hope that our universities, our foundations, and all of us will spend a lot of time looking at China, because we don't spend nearly enough time digging into China to find out what China is all about. In my mind Communist China today is far more dangerous, in many ways, than even the Committee of One Million would have us think.

CONGRESSIONAL OPPOSITION TO SEATING COMMUNIST CHINA IN THE UNITED NATIONS AND TO ESTABLISHING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE CHINESE COMMUNIST REGIME: Senate Concurrent Resolution 34, 87th Congress, Agreed to August 31, 1961 25

467. FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE CHINESE NATIONALIST REVOLUTION: Message From the President of the United States (Kennedy) to the President of the Republic of China (Generalissimo Chiang), October 5, 1961 **

26

YOUR EXCELLENCY: The people of the United States join me in offering congratulations on China's National Day which this year marks the 50th Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution. On this occasion we recall vividly the long, arduous struggle Free China has waged under your valiant leadership against foreign aggression and Communist tyranny and for the realization of the noble aspirations of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Our alliance, based on ties of historic friendship and unity of purpose, has withstood the tests of the past. May it grow ever stronger in the years ahead.

Your Excellency, the American people share your abiding faith in the ultimate triumph of justice over evil. We look confidently toward the day when all the great people of China will again take their place in the struggle for those principles of freedom and progress espoused by Dr. Sun Yat-sen.

25 75 Stat. 965. This resolution was introduced by Senator J. W. Fulbright and reported by the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations by a vote of 16 to 0, July 25, 1961 (no written report); it was agreed to by the Senate by a vote of 76 to 0, July 28; referred to the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, July 31, the Committee was discharged from further consideration of the resolution, and it was agreed to by the House of Representatives by a vote of 395 to 0, Aug. 31. White House (Newport, R.I.) press release dated Oct. 9, 1961 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 30, 1961, p. 719).

20

[UNITED STATES CONTINUED OPPOSITION TO THE REPRESENTATION OF COMMUNIST CHINA IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Statement Made by the U.S. Representative (Stevenson) Before the U.N. General Assembly, December 1, 1961 (Excerpts)-Ante, doc. 43]

[THE QUESTION OF THE REPRESENTATION OF CHINA IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1668 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, December 15, 1961-Ante, doc. 44]

INDIA

468. INDIAN-UNITED STATES DISCUSSIONS ON THE "BASIC PROBLEMS OF ... UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES": Joint Communiqué Issued at New Delhi by the Prime Minister of India (Nehru) and the Vice President of the United States (Johnson), May 19, 1961 27

The Vice-President and the Prime Minister [Jawaharlal Nehru] have had full and highly useful discussions covering a wide range of subjects of interest and concern to the two countries. At the outset, Vice-President Johnson conveyed to Prime Minister Nehru the warm greetings of President Kennedy and told him of the President's admiration for the way in which India is waging its great battle against privation and poverty. He told of the President's interest in the Third Five Year Plan. 28

1. The Vice-President said that while American assistance is dependent on the decisions of the Congress and also on parallel efforts by the other developed countries, it is the President's hope that American aid to the new Plan will be both substantial in amount and effective in form. The Prime Minister expressed his satisfaction at the President's interest in India's development plans.

2. The two leaders agreed that the common enemies of mankind, on which a major attack must now be mounted are ignorance, poverty and disease. The conquest of these everywhere is the first step to the assurance of peace and freedom.

3. The new American Administration agrees with the Prime Minister that the benefits of economic advance must accrue to those who need help the most. The Prime Minister stressed the importance of effective land reform in many underdeveloped countries as a vital step toward

27

Department of State Bulletin, June 19, 1961, pp. 959-960. Vice President Johnson was in New Delhi, May 18-19, 1961; he made a tour of Agra, May 19. For the Vice President's itinerary, see footnote 2, to doc. 455, ante.

28 For the period 1961-1962 to 1965-1966; see India, Planning Commission, The Third Five Year Plan: A Draft Outline (Delhi, 1960).

greater social and economic equality. The Vice-President agreed on the importance of such reform and noted that the United States was a strong believer in home ownership and in the distribution of the ownership of land, particularly by those who work it.

4. The Prime Minister mentioned to the Vice-President the Indian programme for establishing universal free and compulsory education in the Third Five Year Plan. Both leaders agreed on the fundamental importance of education in economic development.

5. The Vice-President told of President Kennedy's concern for assuring an effective cessation of hostilities in Laos and for getting a truly neutral and independent government which would be neither dominated nor threatened from any quarter. He expressed satisfaction and thanks for India's past assistance in obtaining a cease-fire. The Prime Minister expressed his full approval of the goal of a neutral and independent Laos and assured his continuing assistance and support in achieving this end.29

6. The Vice-President, who has long been associated closely with developments in exploration and research in space in the United States, stressed American concern for peaceful and concerted effort by all nations in the great adventure into outer space. He told of the imminent prospects for the development of a communications satellite with its promise of a possible breakthrough in the field of mass education. He outlined also the prospects for, and potential value of, the weather satellite. These developments will be of benefit not alone to Americans but to all mankind. They will belong to all mankind. The expense of development has so far been a barrier to participation by the scientists and engineers of the less developed countries. The United States would like now to find ways to broaden interest and participation in these epoch-making activities. The Prime Minister expressed much interest on behalf of India and promised the matter his close attention.

7. There was discussion of the Peace Corps. The Prime Minister stressed the importance of voluntary workers being men and women of good training who are also otherwise well prepared for their new life and tasks. He expressed satisfaction with his talks with the Director of the Peace Corps.30

8. Early in their conversations the Prime Minister and the VicePresident found a strong common interest in the field of electric power development. The Vice-President was one of the pioneers in rural electrification in the United States, having, at President Roosevelt's request, participated in the establishment of the largest rural electrification project in the United States.. The Prime Minister told of his longstanding conviction that electric light, and all that went with it, were the greatest gift of modern industrial society. Because of the high capital costs and the heavy demands for foreign exchange that

20 See post, docs. 489-528.

30

R. Sargent Shriver, Director of the Peace Corps, was in New Delhi Apr. 30May 4, 1961; see the agreement relating to the establishment of a Peace Corps program in India, effected by notes exchanged at New Delhi, Nov. 13 and 21, 1962 (TIAS 5247; 13 UST 2735).