UNITED STATES ESTABLISHMENT OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH THE GOVERNMENT OF KUWAIT, EFFECTIVE SEPTEMBER 22, 1961: Announcement Issued by the Department of State, September 22, 1961 14

COMPLETION OF THE REPLACEMENT OF UNITED KINGDOM FORCES BY THE ARAB LEAGUE SECURITY FORCE IN KUWAIT: Cable From the President of the Department of Foreign Affairs of Kuwait (Al Salem) to the President of the U.N. Security Council (Menemencioglu), October 22, 1961 15

OMAN

298. THE QUESTION OF OMAN: Draft Resolution Submitted by the Special Political Committee of the U.N. General Assembly, December 5, 1961 16

The General Assembly,

Having discussed the question of Oman,"

Deeply concerned with the situation in Oman,"

Recalling its resolution 1514 (XV) "Declaration on the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples","

1. Recognizes the right of the people of Oman to self-determination and independence;

2. Calls for the withdrawal of foreign forces from Oman;

3. Invites the parties concerned to settle peacefully their differences with a view to restoring normal conditions in Oman.20

14 Department of State press release No. 654; the Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 9, 1961, p. 588.

15 U.N. doc. S/4966, Oct. 23, 1961. The replacement was described as having been completed Oct. 19.

1o U.N. doc. A/SPC/L.78. This resolution, sponsored by the representatives of 16 member states, was adopted by the Special Political Committee by a vote of 38 to 21 (including the U.S.), with 29 abstentions, taken Dec. 4, 1961.

See U.N. docs. A/SPC/SR. 299–306. As requested by the representatives of certain Arab countries in a letter dated Sept. 29, 1960 (A/4521), "the Question of Oman" had been included in the agenda of the 15th session of the General Assembly as item 89. The General Assembly was unable at either its regular or resumed 15th session to consider fully this item, and, on Apr. 21, 1961, it was decided to defer the question to the 16th session (see A/PV.995). The question was inscribed in the agenda of the 16th session as item 23, Sept. 25, 1961 (see A/PV. 1014), and was allocated to the Special Political Committee for its consideration, Sept. 27 (A/PV.1018).

1 I.e., the revolt of Oman against the Sultan of Muscat and United Kingdom military intervention at the request of the latter.

19 Text in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 110-111. Though adopted by the Special Political Committee, the resolution failed of adoption in plenary by a vote of 33 to 21 (including the U.S.), with 37 abstentions, taken Dec. 14, 1961. The U.S. Representative did not explain his vote.

PAKISTAN

299. "THE CONTINUING INTENTION OF THE UNITED STATES TO COOPERATE WITH PAKISTAN IN ITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS": Announcement Issued by the White House, March 7, 1961 21

Pakistan Finance Minister [Mohammed] Shoaib and Pakistan Ambassador Aziz Ahmed called on President John F. Kennedy at the White House on March 7.

The President assured Mr. Shoaib that his administration has the highest regard for, and confidence in, the close ties of friendship and alliance which bind Pakistan and the United States.

The President and Mr. Shoaib then discussed various aspects of United States-Pakistan relations, and the President expressed the continuing intention of the United States to cooperate with Pakistan in its economic development efforts. President Kennedy confirmed that the United States is prepared to negotiate a 4-year program to provide under Public Law 480 agricultural commodities to assist Pakistan's development programs.22

The President also expressed to Mr. Shoaib his pleasure that President Mohammed Ayub Kahn of Pakistan had accepted his invitation to pay a state visit to the United States in the latter part of November.25

300. PAKISTANI-UNITED STATES DISCUSSION OF MEASURES "TO STRENGTHEN PEACE AND FREEDOM AND TO ENHANCE THE GENERAL WELFARE" IN SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA: Joint Communiqué Issued at Karachi by the President of Pakistan (Ayub Khan) and the Vice President of the United States (Johnson), May 20, 1961 24

The President of Pakistan [Mohammed Ayub Khan] and the Vice President of the United States of America met Saturday, May 20, 1961, at the President's House for talks, which were conducted in a frank and friendly atmosphere reflecting the continuing close cooperation of Pakistan and the United States in pursuit of common objectives.

The Vice President expressed the friendly greetings and warm

21 White House press release dated Mar. 7, 1961 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Mar. 27, 1961, p. 448).

22 See the agreement signed at Karachi Oct. 14, 1961 (TIAS 4852; 12 UST 1287). 23 See post, doc. 301.

24

Department of State Bulletin, June 19, 1961, pp. 960-961. Vice President Johnson was in Karachi May 20, 1961; in addition to meeting with President Ayub Khan, he made a speech at a civic reception and held a news conference. For the Vice President's itinerary, see footnote 2 to doc. 455, post.

good wishes of President Kennedy and the American people for the President and the people of Pakistan. The Vice President noted that the United States anticipated with pleasure President Ayub's visit in November.25 In this connection, Vice President Johnson extended a personal invitation for President Ayub to visit the Vice President's ranch home in Texas during the stay in the United States. President Ayub recalled that he had previously visited Texas which reminded him of Pakistan and expressed pleasure in accepting the Vice President's invitation.

Vice President Johnson explained that he had come at the request of President Kennedy and presented to President Ayub a personal letter from the President of the United States. The Vice President said that President Kennedy wanted him to discuss with the leaders of Pakistan and other countries of South and Southeast Asia what might be done further to strengthen peace and freedom and to enhance the general welfare of the people. Vice President Johnson said the exchange in Karachi would be of great value toward a closer understanding of Pakistan and the views of Pakistan's leaders toward regional and world problems.

In the course of the conversations, President Ayub and Vice President Johnson noted with satisfaction the many common objectives and specific programs of cooperation that link the two countries. They welcomed continued cooperation in regional collective security arrangements, such as CENTO and SEATO, and the growing economic and social cooperation among the regional members of these alliances. They discussed measures to strengthen these alliances.

President Ayub and Vice President Johnson agreed that the long term security of the free world must be built on a foundation of progress assuring greater opportunity and a better life for the people. Specifically:

1. President Ayub reviewed the objectives of Pakistan's Second Five Year Plan and progress in its implementation.26 The Vice President reaffirmed the United States' firm interest in supporting Pakistan's implementation of this farsighted program.27

2. The two leaders discussed the great problems arising from the loss of agricultural lands in Pakistan due to water-logging and salinization. The President outlined the energetic program planned to cope with this problem, and the Vice President received documentation for use in considering further means by which the United States might assist.

3. The importance of education was emphasized. President Ayub described the substantial educational programs of his country to which both government and private assistance is being extended from the United States. Means of further cooperation in this field were considered.

23

26

President Ayub's visit was advanced from November to July 1961; see infra. A $4.8 billion plan, which began July 1, 1960.

See the agreement relating to the commitment of $500 million by the United

States to the Pakistan second 5-year plan, effected by notes exchanged at Karachi, July 25, 1962 (TIAS 5136; 13 UST 1864).

4. It was recognized that the provision of adequate housing is an essential primary need of any community or nation. In this context, assistance being extended by the United States to supplement Pakistan's housing programs was reviewed.

5. The provision of greater health facilities was discussed at length. 6. Plans for the assignment to Pakistan of members of the American Peace Corps were discussed, and President Ayub expressed particular interest in the assignment of Peace Corps members to work on projects in such fields as health, education and agriculture.28

7. President Ayub discussed Pakistan's land reform programs in which millions of acres have been re-distributed, giving new ownership to hundreds of thousands of people who work the lands.

8. Vice President Johnson said that the United States has high expectations that international cooperation in scientific developments will be of great benefit to countries on every continent. He mentioned in particular possibilities from weather, communication, navigational and mapping uses of space vehicles.

9. The President and Vice President discussed the possible advantages of a meeting to be held in the near future of heads of nations of Asia and the Pacific area to review their common aspirations, objectives and problems and to seek means of greater cooperation among themselves.

301. PAKISTANI-UNITED STATES "CORDIAL AND FRANK EXCHANGE OF VIEWS... ON TOPICS OF MUTUAL INTEREST": Joint Communiqué Issued at Washington by the President of the United States (Kennedy) and the President of Pakistan (Ayub Khan), July 13, 1961 29

President Kennedy and President Ayub have had a cordial and frank exchange of views over the past three days on topics of mutual interest to their Governments. The visit afforded a timely opportunity for the two Presidents to establish a personal acquaintance and to carry forward the exchange of views which has taken place by correspondence over the past several months.

The two Presidents reviewed at length the international situation with emphasis upon events in areas in which the dangers of conflict have become a cause of deep concern to the community of nations. The talks on these subjects again underlined the importance of close cooperation and understanding between nations of the free world in order to provide the greatest possible unity in protecting the independence of states and in preserving international peace and security.

"R. Sargent Shriver, Director of the Peace Corps, visited Karachi and Rawaipindi May 4-7, 1961. He conferred with President Ayub Khan May 6, 1961. "White House press release dated July 13, 1961 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Aug. 7, 1961, pp. 240-241). President Ayub made an official visit to the United States July 11-18, 1961. He addressed a joint session of Congress July 12; text ibid., pp. 241–246.

They considered the dangers arising out of recent events in Berlin and in Southeast Asia, especially in Laos.

The two Presidents examined together the threats to the free people of the subcontinent of South Asia and agreed that this area is a primary target of international Communism; that the integrity and independence of each country in this area depend heavily upon friendship and cooperation among all of them; and that solutions of divisive issues, which call for farsighted statesmanship on all sides, are a clear and present need.

President Ayub reaffirmed the desire and objective of his Government to maintain friendly relations with all neighboring states based on mutual respect and the integrity of Pakistan's borders. He reviewed his Government's position on the Kashmir issue and stressed the great importance attached to this issue by the people of Pakistan. He stated that current developments in South Asia had made an early resolution of this issue imperative. President Kennedy affirmed the desire of the United States to see a satisfactory solution of the Kashmir issue and expressed the hope that progress toward a settlement would be possible at an early date.

The coincidence of President Ayub's visit with the tenth anniversary of economic cooperation between the United States and Pakistan 30 afforded a unique opportunity for a thorough review of Pakistan's economic development program. The two Presidents discussed the substantial advances that have been made in agriculture, industrial production, communications, education and other programs designed to bring a better life to the people of Pakistan. They agreed upon the need for outside aid to fulfill the financing requirements of the current Five Year Plan,31 and discussed the forthcoming Consortium meeting sponsored by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development to provide needed assistance.32 President Ayub was assured of firm United States interest in the finding of adequate funds so that this program will be implemented with the greatest possible effectiveness.

They examined the serious problem of water-logging and salinity which is rapidly taking vast areas of land out of cultivation. It was agreed that the United States would send to Pakistan in the very near future a mission of highly qualified scientists and engineers with a view to making suggestions to the Government of Pakistan for speeding up progress in combating this problem which is recognized to be of greatest importance to the people of that country. Efforts will then be made with friendly countries to work out the provision of the necessary external financing.

President Kennedy expressed keen interest in President Ayub's description of the needs of Pakistan relating to scientific and technical facilities.

The two Presidents reaffirmed the solemn purpose of the bilateral

30 Reference to the agreement for technical cooperation signed at Karachi, Feb. 9, 1951 (TIAS 2254; 2 UST 1008; 100 UNTS 67).

31 See footnote 27 to doc. 300, supra.

8:3

See ante, doc. 64.