the problems of education and training as related to economic development, and the worldwide shortage of experts in various fields. The urgency of the need for coordinating technical assistance policies in view of the large number of countries and agencies involved was underlined. The need for regular and comparable information was also emphasised. The Group noted the report and the work programme proposed by the Working Group.

11. It is recalled that when the O.E.C.D. comes into operation, the Development Assistance Group will be transformed into the Development Assistance Committee of that Organisation and, therefore, will normally hold its meetings in Paris.

FRENCH-UNITED STATES COOPERATION IN THE OPERATION OF ATOMIC WEAPONS SYSTEMS FOR MUTUAL DEFENSE PURPOSES: Agreement Between the United States and the French Republic, Signed at Paris, July 27, 1961 47

175. REQUEST FOR PROMPT CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL OF THE FRENCH-UNITED STATES AGREEMENT ON COOPERATION IN THE OPERATION OF ATOMIC WEAPONS SYSTEMS: Special Message From the President (Kennedy) to the Congress, September 7, 1961 **

To the Congress of the United States:

48

For some time members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization have been taking steps toward the introduction of the most modern weapons into NATO forces. Among these measures is the introduction into forces of our NATO Allies of weapons capable of delivering nuclear warheads. Such steps have been proceeding for some time following the considered judgment and agreement of the NATO Governments. The objective is to achieve the most effective pattern of NATO military defensive strength. In view of the well-known purely defensive purposes of the Alliance, the introduction of modern weapons into NATO forces to take account of technological develop

47 TIAS 4867; 12 UST 1423. The agreement entered into force Oct. 9, 1961. See Public Law 87-363, approved Oct. 4, 1961 (75 Stat. 782); Agreement for Cooperation for Mutual Defense Purposes With the Republic of France: Hearing Before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 87th Congress, 1st Session. on the Proposed Agreement for Cooperation for Mutual Defense Purposes Between the Governments of the United States and the Republic of France, September 12, 1961; S. Rept. 1035, 87th Cong., Sept. 14, 1961; and H. Rept. 1183, 87th Cong. Sept. 14, 1961.

The text of the agreement is similar to that of the one between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany of May 5, 1959; American Forcign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, pp. 644–648.

48 White House press release dated Sept. 7, 1961 (text as printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 2, 1961, pp. 556–557).

ments is in no way a cause for legitimate concern on the part of other countries.

Article III of the North Atlantic Treaty" calls upon the members of the Alliance to maintain their capacities to resist armed attack through effective self-help and mutual aid. As part of its contribution to the strength of the Alliance, the United States has entered into a number of agreements through which we cooperate with NATO Allies in the uses of atomic energy for mutual defense purposes. These agreements have been concluded pursuant to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended.50 All of these agreements are designed to implement the NATO objectives for maintaining the most modern weapons and techniques in NATO forces.

We have just concluded an agreement with the Government of France 5 which is essentially the same as agreements previously concluded with a number of other NATO Allies for cooperation in the uses of atomic energy for mutual defense purposes. 52 This agreement will make possible effective cooperation with France in NĂTO mutual defense planning and in the training of French NATO forces. Training of certain French NATO forces which play a significant role in European defense cannot proceed to conclusion until this agreement becomes effective. This agreement should be brought into effect as quickly as possible, in order that we can promptly and fully utilize the potential of French military forces in the development of our NATO defensive strength. In light of the probable time remaining for this session of the Congress and in view of the provisions of Sec. 123d of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, it appears that normally it would not be possible to bring this agreement into effect until the next session of the Congress. Accordingly, I would appreciate action by the Congress during the current session which would permit the agreement to come into force promptly.

I understand and respect the importance of mature consideration in the Congress of agreements of this sort, but I believe that in the present case there are compelling reasons for rapid action. The gravity of the international situation, and in particular the Soviet threat to the freedom of West Berlin, have made it a matter of first importance that the unity of the North Atlantic nations should be sustained. The Government of France, in this crisis, has behaved with great firmness, and the staunch and determined position of President de Gaulle, in particular, has reinforced the West. In these circumstances, I deem it of great importance that we should proceed

50

"Text in American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955: Basic Documents, pp. 812-815. See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1958, pp. 1439-1442. 51 See the unnumbered title, supra.

"I.e., with Canada, May 22, 1959 (TIAS 4271; 10 UST 1293; 354 UNTS 63), with the Federal Republic of Germany, May 5, 1959 (American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, pp. 644–648), with Greece, May 6, 1959 (TIAS 4292; 10 UST 1429; 357 UNTS 163), with Italy, Dec. 3, 1960 (TIAS 4764; 12 UST 641; 410 UNTS 3), with the Netherlands, May 6, 1959 (TIAS 4277; 10 UST 1334; 355 UNTS 327), with Turkey, May 5, 1959 (TIAS 4278; 10 UST 1340; 355 UNTS 341), and with the United Kingdom, July 3, 1958 (American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1958, pp. 631-638).

promptly with such a joint undertaking as this one, carefully matured in prolonged negotiation. As has already been explained in informal. discussions with interested Members of the Congress, the present agreement provides for a limited release of information to carefully selected personnel. Careful arrangements have been made to insure that all necessary security requirements are met, and the inclusion of France among NATO countries participating in this general undertaking is an important step forward at a moment in which such a step has a wider significance than usual. It is for these reasons that I urge upon the Congress appropriate special actions to permit the agreement to come into force.

In accordance with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended, I am submitting to each House of the Congress an authoritative copy of the agreement with the Government of France. I am transmitting also a copy of the letter from the Secretary of State 53 which for warded to me an authoritative copy of the agreement, a copy of the joint letter from the Deputy Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission 54 recommending my approval of the agreement, and a copy of my memorandum in reply thereto which contained my approval.55

176. CONVENTION ON THE ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, SUPPLEMENTARY PROTOCOLS, AND MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING, Signed at Paris, December 14, 1960, Entered Into Force, September 30, 1961 56

THE GOVERNMENTS of the Republic of Austria, the Kingdom of Belgium, Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, the French Republic, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Kingdom of Greece, the Republic of Iceland, Ireland, the Italian Republic, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Kingdom of Norway, the Portuguese Republic, Spain, the Kingdom of Sweden, the Swiss Confederation, the Turkish Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America; CONSIDERING that economic strength and prosperity are essential for the attainment of the purposes of the United Nations, the preservation of individual liberty and the increase of general well-being;

53 Dated Aug. 3, 1961; text in the Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 2, 1961. p. 557.

54

Dated July 20, 1961; text ibid., pp. 557–558.

55 Dated July 21, 1961; text ibid., p. 559.

56 'TIAS 4891; 12 UST 1728. See S. Ex. E, 87th Cong., 1st sess.. Jan. 17, 1961: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, 87th Congress, 1st Session, on Executive E, 87th Congress, 1st Session, February 14-March 6, 1961; and S. Ex. Rept. 1, 87th Cong., 1st sess., Mar. 18, 1961. See also American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1959, pp. 576-577, and ibid., 1960, pp. 319–335. Regarding the entry into force of the provisions of the Memorandum of Understanding, see par. 5 thereof, printed below.

BELIEVING that they can further these aims most effectively by strengthening the tradition of co-operation which has evolved among them;

57

RECOGNISING that the economic recovery and progress of Europe to which their participation in the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation 5 has made a major contribution, have opened new perspectives for strengthening that tradition and applying it to new tasks and broader objectives;

CONVINCED that broader co-operation will make a vital contribution to peaceful and harmonious relations among the peoples of the world; RECOGNISING the increasing interdependence of their economies; DETERMINED by consultation and co-operation to use more effectively their capacities and potentialities so as to promote the highest sustainable growth of their economies and improve the economic and social well-being of their peoples;

BELIEVING that the economically more advanced nations should co-operate in assisting to the best of their ability the countries in process of economic development;

RECOGNISING that the further expansion of world trade is one of the most important factors favouring the economic development of countries and the improvement of international economic relations;

and

DETERMINED to pursue these purposes in a manner consistent with their obligations in other international organisations or institutions in which they participate or under agreements to which they are a party;

HAVE THEREFORE AGREED on the following provisions for the reconstitution of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development:

Article 1

The aims of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (hereinafter called the "Organisation") shall be to promote policies designed:

(a) to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy;

(b) to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and (c) to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. Article 2

In the pursuit of these aims, the Members agree that they will, both individually and jointly:

57

Established by the Convention for European Economic Cooperation, signed at Paris Apr. 16, 1948; text in American Foreign Policy, 1950-1955: Basic Documents, pp. 992–1000.

(a) promote the efficient use of their economic resources;

(b) in the scientific and technological field, promote the development of their resources, encourage research and promote vocational training;

(c) pursue policies designed to achieve economic growth and internal and external financial stability and to avoid developments which might endanger their economies or those of other countries: (d) pursue their efforts to reduce or abolish obstacles to the exchange of goods and services and current payments and maintain and extend the liberalisation of capital movements; and

(e) contribute to the economic development of both Member and non-member countries in the process of economic development by appropriate means and, in particular, by the flow of capital to those countries, having regard to the importance to their economies of receiving technical assistance and of securing expanding export

markets.

Article 3

With a view to achieving the aims set out in Article 1 and to fulfilling the undertakings contained in Article 2, the Members agree that they will:

(a) keep each other informed and furnish the Organisation with the information necessary for the accomplishment of its tasks; (b) consult together on a continuing basis, carry out studies and participate in agreed projects; and

(c) co-operate closely and where appropriate take co-ordinated

action.

Article 4

The Contracting Parties to this Convention shall be Members of the Organisation.

Article 5

In order to achieve its aims, the Organisation may:

(a) take decisions which, except as otherwise provided, shall be binding on all the Members;

(b) make recommendations to Members; and

(c) enter into agreements with Members, non-member States and international organisations.

Article 6

1. Unless the Organisation otherwise agrees unanimously for special cases, decisions shall be taken and recommendations shall be made by mutual agreement of all the Members.

2. Each Member shall have one vote. If a Member abstains from voting on a decision or recommendation, such abstention shall not invalidate the decision or recommendation, which shall be applicable to the other Members but not to the abstaining Member.

3. No decision shall be binding on any Member until it has complied with the requirements of its own constitutional procedures. The other