35. UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY RECOMMENDATIONS RESPECTING THE ADMISSION OF MAURITANIA AND MONGOLIA TO UNITED NATIONS MEMBERSHIP: Resolution 1602 (XV), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, April 19, 1961 6

The General Assembly,

"[Noting that the Mongolian People's Republic has been awaiting a decision on its application for admission to membership in the United Nations since 1946,]

Noting that eight members of the Security Council voted on 4 December 1960 in favour of a draft resolution recommending the admission of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to membership in the United Nations, but that no recommendation was made to the General Assembly because of the opposition of a permanent member, Considering that it is important for the future of the United Nations that all applicant States which fulfil the conditions laid down in Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations should be admitted to membership in the Organization,

[1. Declares that in its view the Mongolian People's Republic is a peace-loving State within the meaning of Article 4 of the Charter of the United Nations, that it is able and willing to carry out the obligations of the Charter, and that it should, in consequence, be admitted to membership in the United Nations;]

2. Declares that in its view the 'Islamic Republic of Mauritania is a peace-loving State within the meaning of Article 4 of the Charter, that it is able and willing to carry out the obligations of the Charter, and that it should, in consequence, be admitted to membership in the United Nations;

3. Requests the Security Council to take note of this decision of the General Assembly in regard to the candidature of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.

ADMISSION OF SIERRA LEONE TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1623 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, September 27, 1961 10

U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Fifteenth Session, Supplement No. 164 (A/4684/Add. 1), p. 18. This resolution, sponsored by the Representatives of Cameroun, the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Dahomey, Gabon, the Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Niger, Senegal, and Upper Volta, and amended by the Representative of the U.S.S.R., was adopted by a vote of 47 to 13, with 34 abstentions (including the U.S.).

The portions of the text of the resolution placed in brackets constitute those of the amendments suggested by the U.S.S.R. (A/L. 336) which were adopted. 'See U.N. doc. S/95.

See American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1960, pp. 57–58. U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/5100), p. 63. This resolution was adopted by acclamation.

36. ADMISSION OF THE MONGOLIAN PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1630 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, October 27, 1961 11

The General Assembly,

Having received the recommendation of the Security Council of 25 October 1961 that the Mongolian People's Republic should be admitted to membership in the United Nations,"

Having considered the application for membership of the Mongolian People's Republic,1

13

Decides to admit the Mongolian People's Republic to membership in the United Nations.

37. ADMISSION OF THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF MAURITANIA TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1631 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, October 27, 1961 14

The General Assembly,

Having received the recommendation of the Security Council of 25 October 1961 that the Islamic Republic of Mauritania should be admitted to membership in the United Nations,'

15

Having considered the application for membership of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania,"

Decides to admit the Islamic Republic of Mauritania to membership in the United Nations.

ADMISSION OF TANGANYIKA TO MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Resolution 1667 (XVI), Adopted by the U.N. General Assembly, December 14, 196117

"Ibid., p. 64. This resolution, sponsored by the representatives of 23 member states, was adopted by acclamation. The U.S. Representative abstained in the Security Council vote of Oct. 25; see U.N. doc. S/PV.969.

12 U.N. doc. A/4940.

13 U.N. docs. S/95 and S/3873 and Add.1.

"U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/5100), p. 64. This resolution, sponsored by the representatives of 14 member states, was adopted by a vote of 68 (including the U.S.) to 13, with 20 abstentions.

15 U.N. doc. A/4941.

10 U.N. doc. A/4604.

17

U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Sixteenth Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/5100), p. 66. This resolution was adopted by acclamation.

E. The Sixteenth Session of the U.N. General Assembly

ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE RESUMED FIFTEENTH SESSION OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY: Address by the Assistant Secretary of State for International Organization Affairs (Cleveland) Before the American Society of International Law, Washington, April 29, 1961 1

38. THE PARLIAMENTARY PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE QUESTION OF THE REPRESENTATION OF CHINA IN THE UNITED NATIONS: Replies Made by the Secretary of State (Rusk) to Questions Asked at a News Conference, Chicago, June 27, 1961 (Excerpts) 2

The problem on the Chinese seat in the United Nations is essentially this. Since about 1950 we have been trying to deal with that question through what is called a moratorium, that is, a vote at the beginning of each session of the General Assembly which would simply say: We will not consider this question until next year.3

Now, this moratorium has been successful in postponing this issue for about 10 years. I helped to invent the moratorium when I was in the Department before, under Mr. Truman.

In the last 3 or 4 years our delegations to the United Nations have been reporting that there is an increasing feeling in the United Nations, particularly with the large number of new members coming in, that this moratorium formula will no longer suffice to deal with the question, that there will be more and more delegations who will think that at least the question ought to be debated on its merits and not be simply postponed, regardless of their attitude on the merits of the question.

Now, this is the essence of the parliamentary problem of the General Assembly of the United Nations, where there is no veto, where a bare majority can, in the normal course of events, deal with procedural questions.

The principal problem from the point of view of those of us who recognize and support the Government of the Republic of China on Formosa is that this question might come to a vote as a credentials

'Department of State press release No. 273, as delivered; the Department of State Bulletin, May 29, 1961, pp. 808–814.

The replies printed here are taken from pp. 110-111 of the Department of State Bulletin, July 17, 1961 (reprint of Department of State press release No. 451, June 28, 1961). The Secretary had made similar, less extensive replies to questions asked at his Mar. 9 and Mar. 20, 1961, news conferences (see ibid., Mar. 27, 1961, pp. 434-435, and ibid., Apr. 10, 1961, p. 523). He also made a similar reply to a question asked following his July 10, 1961, address before the National Press Club (see ibid., July 31, 1961, p. 181).

See American Foreign Policy, 1950–1955: Basic Documents, pp. 338–344. 'As Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, 1950-1951.

question, that is, as a procedural question aimed at the rather simple issue as to which delegation shall be accredited by the General Assembly to occupy the seat called China.

We ourselves believe that this would be a very serious step for the General Assembly to take, because this is not just a technical procedural question of credentials; it is a problem of the most far-reaching political importance. It is of great importance, of course, to the Republic of China on Formosa. It is of very great importance to the United States. And we believe it is important to the U.N.

So, in the face of this parliamentary problem, it is going to be necessary for all of the members, including ourselves and the Government of the Republic of China, to consider how this issue can be handled from a parliamentary point of view in the General Assembly of the United Nations. We do not have a single answer or a single plan which we are putting forward.

If the question arises in the Security Council-incidentally, let me say that the Security Council has an independent control of its procedural questions and its credentials, independent of the General Assembly. What happens in the General Assembly cannot necessarily affect the Security Council. But if the question is posed in the Security Council as a credentials question, that is, which delegation should be permitted to occupy the seat called China, then there would be undoubtedly those who will argue that this is simply a procedural question which can be settled by any seven votes of the members of the Security Council.

There are others, however, who will say that this is a substantive question to which a veto applies. Now there is not an easy way to settle this sort of question before the Security Council. It may be that that question itself would have to go to the World Court for adjudication at some stage, but I think the present problem is not in the Security Council but in the General Assembly.

39. A PROGRAM OF ACTION FOR THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY: Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, Approved at Belgrade, September 5, 1961 5

The Conference of Heads of State or Government of the following non-aligned countries:

1. Afghanistan, 2. Algeria, 3. Burma, 4. Cambodia, 5. Ceylon, 6. Congo, 7. Cuba, 8. Cyprus, 9. Ethiopia, 10. Ghana, 11. Guinea, 12. India, 13. Indonesia, 14. Iraq, 15. Lebanon, 16. Mali, 17. Morocco, 18. Nepal, 19. Saudi Arabia, 20. Somalia, 21. Sudan, 22. Tunisia, 23. United Arab Republic, 24. Yemen, 25. Yugoslavia and of the following countries represented by observers:

Review of International Affairs, vol. XII, No. 274–275, Sept. 5-20, 1961, pp. 42-46. The message from President Kennedy which was read Sept. 1 at the opening session of the conference is printed in the Department of State Bulletin, Sept. 18, 1961, pp. 478-479.

1. Bolivia, 2. Brazil, 3. Ecuador

was held in Belgrade from September 1 to 6, 1961, for the purpose of exchanging views on international problems with a view to contributing more effectively to world peace and security and peaceful co-operation among peoples.

The Heads of State or Government of the aforementioned countries have met at a moment when international events have taken a turn for the worst and when world peace is seriously threatened. Deeply concerned for the future of peace, voicing the aspirations of the vast majority of people of the world, aware that. in our time, no people and no government can or should abandon its responsibilities in regard to the safeguarding of world peace, the participating countries having examined in detail, in an atmosphere of equality, sincerity and mutual confidence, the current state of international relations and trends prevailing in the present-day world-make the following declaration :

The Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries noting that there are crises that lead towards a world conflict in the transition from an old order based on domination to a new order based on cooperation between nations, founded on freedom, equality and social justice for the promotion of prosperity; considering that the dynamic processes and forms of social change often result in or represent a conflict between the old established and the new emerging nationalist forces; considering that a lasting peace can be achieved only if this confrontation leads to a world where the domination of colonialism-imperialism and neo-colonialism in all their manifestations is radically eliminated;

And recognizing the fact

That acute emergencies threatening world peace now exist in this period of conflict in Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America and big power rivalry likely to result in world conflagration cannot be excluded; that to eradicate basically the source of conflict is to eradicate colonialism in all its manifestations and to accept and practice a policy of peaceful co-existence in the world;

that guided by these principles the period of transition and conflict can lay a firm foundation of cooperation and brotherhood between nations, state the following:

I

On

War has never threatened mankind with graver consequences than today. the other hand, never before has mankind had at its disposal stronger forces for eliminating war as an instrument of policy in international relations. Imperialism is weakening. Colonial empires and other forms of foreign oppression of peoples in Asia, Africa and Latin America are gradually disappearing from the stage of history. Great successes have been achieved in the struggle of many peoples for national independence and equality. In the same way, the peoples of Latin America are continuing to make an increasingly effective contribution to the improvement of international relations. Great social changes in the world are further promoting such a development. All this not only accelerates the end of the epoch of foreign oppression of peoples, but also makes peaceful cooperation among peoples, based on the principles of independence and equal rights, an essential condition for their freedom and progress.

Tremendous progress has been achieved in the development of science, techniques and in the means of economic development.

Prompted by such developments in the world, the vast majority of people are becoming increasingly conscious of the fact that war between peoples constitutes not only an anachronism but also a crime against humanity. This awareness of peoples is becoming a great moral force, capable of exercising a vital influence on the development of international relations.

Relying on this and on the will of their peoples, the Governments of countries participating in the Conference resolutely reject the view that war, including the "cold war", is inevitable, as this view reflects a sense both of helplessness and hopelessness and is contrary to the progress of the world. They affirm their unwavering faith that the international community is able to organize its life without resorting to means which actually belong to a past epoch of human history.