4. Coordination with other Federal agencies and industry in those areas where the Public Health Service cannot effectively work alone. An example would be a study in cooperation with the Department of Agriculture of the lead in crops in areas of high lead concentration.

5. Determination as our knowledge increases, as to what extent regulatory control programs by the Public Health Service would be desirable to insure adequate public protection against environmental contaminants.

6. Provision of a mechanism for across-the-board training and technical assistance to States, localities and industry on these problems. Until we have organized our efforts so that then we can carry out the studies that are needed to determine the health hazards of environmental contaminants, it is important that the levels of lead to which our urban population is exposed be held constant. All parties should take reasonable steps to minimize exposure to the populace. We shall continue our investigations; should they show a need for reducing exposures from certain major sources such as is represented by motor vehicles fuels, we will take the appropriate necessary steps and should we need additional authority, we will seek it vigorously.

I shall be pleased to answer any questions you have, Mr. Chairman. Senator MUSKIE. Thank you, Dr. Prindle, for your excellent

statement.

In section 106 of the Clean Air Act, there is provision for a technical committee to meet from time to time, at the call of the Secretary to evaluate progress in the development of such devices and fuels, and to develop and recommend research programs which could lead to the development of such devices and fuels, that is, studies aimed at preventing pollutants traceable to devices or fuels.

Do you know whether or not that committee is working and when we can expect a report from it?

Dr. PRINDLE. Yes, sir. It is working. I would like to introduce Arthur C. Stearn, Assistant Chief of the Air Pollution Division.

Mr. STEARN. The committee has held several meetings. It is not our understanding that that particular committee is required to report to the Congress. There is a separate provision that requires that the Department through the Secretary make reports to the Congress and these have been routinely made. There have been three such reports. Senator MUSKIE. There is a requirement on the Secretary to report to the Congress 1 year after the enactment of the section and semiannually thereafter on measures taken toward the resolution of the vehicle exhaust pollution problem and efforts to improve fuels including (a) occurrence of pollution as a result of discharge of pollutants from automobile exhaust; (b) progress of research into the development of devices and fuels to reduce pollution from automobiles and vehicles and (c) criteria on degree of pollutant matter discharged from automobiles; (d) efforts to improve fuels so as to reduce emission of exhaust from pollutants and (e) his recommendations for additional legislation, if necessary, to regulate the discharge of pollutants from automobile exhausts.

So that if the committee itself does not report the progress presumably he would base his report on the committee's findings.

Dr. PRINDLE. That is correct. Three of those reports have been submitted at this point.

Senator MUSKIE. With reference to the last statement of your presentation, Dr. Prindle, you will take appropriate necessary steps and request additional authority if necessary, can you give us any timetable?

I realize that you can't schedule scientific research in that fashion but we would like to have some idea of your targets.

Dr. PRINDLE. I think, Mr. Chairman, perhaps with respect to the specific problem of lead we could give you a general picture of the timetable. I think with respect to many of these other problems we have been discussing and such things as the point you raised about the interaction of these with other contaminants and so forth, this becomes a much more difficult type of thing. As a result of our symposium and as a result of our other activities, we have been trying to develop a program that would cover a specific program on lead.

We feel that in a period of approximately 5 years we can begin to have the kind of information we need. Now part of the reason for this length of time is not only what you indicated, Mr. Chairman, the idiosyncracies of research and the problems thereof but the fact that we need time to evaluate the trends that we are talking about here. Is it really going up? We have to take some time to see if it is going up. We need to take some time to see what is happening to these people as a follow up to exposure. I should think at the end of a period of 5 years we might well have sufficient information on which at least to make much better judgments than we can do today.

Senator MUSKIE. There is work being done, or at least work being planned, if it is not being done, to develop substitutes for lead in gasoline. If those are developed in a shorter time than 5 years, would you advocate that they be used?

Dr. PRINDLE. Like the Surgeon General, as long as they are safe, I think we would certainly encourage this development as much as possible, just as we would encourage the development of other approaches not only of materials but within the refinery picture itself, the development of lead-free gasoline in general.

Senator MUSKIE. In other words, it would be accurate to paraphrase what you said in this way: that the evidence of a connection between lead in the atmosphere and health is such that if we can find a substitute for lead in gasoline we ought to find it as quickly as possible?

Dr. PRINDLE. We would welcome this very much, yes.

Senator MUSKIE. Thank you very much, Dr. Prindle. If you have no pressing engagements elsewhere, I would appreciate if you could remain for the rest of this hearing in the event other questions occur

to us.

Dr. PRINDLE. I shall be glad to do so, Mr. Chairman.

(Subsequently, the following paper was submitted:)

STUDIES ON LEAD

(Conducted by Government agencies and by non-Government agencies with support from the Federal Government)

Intramural studies of lead1 (as of June 1, 1966)

The Effects of Various Types of Grit in Department of the Interior, Bureau of Alleviating Lead Poisoning.

Carbohydrates, Trace Minerals, To- Department of Agriculture.

Granting agency

Year

Amount

SUPPORT OF STUDIES ON LEAD

Active Public Health Service and other Government grants (as of June 1, 1966)

University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Multicategorical Clinical Research Center.
Pittsburgh, Pa.

1965-66

1 $290, 781

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam-
bridge, Mass.

West Suburban Hospital, Oak Park, Ill.
University of Texas Southwestern Medical
School.

Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc.,
New York, N.Y.

Presbyterian-St. Luke's Hospital Medical
School, University of Illinois, Chicago, Ill.
Research Foundation, Children's Hospital of
District of Columbia.

University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver,
Colo.

Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.

Kettering Laboratory, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio.

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Md.

Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene, Effect of Environmental Factors on Toxic
Baltimore, Md.

1965

13,920

Reactions.

National Institute of General Medical Sci- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, Nuclear Cytoplasmic Metabolic Relationships as
ences, National Institutes of Health.

1 Approximately $2,000 devoted to lead research. Federal funds. 4 State funds.

N.Y.

Shown by Lead Transport.

Strange Osteomalacia by Pollution from Cad-
mium Mining.

2 Less $288,781 of a Center grant not devoted to lead.

Fiscal year.

• Funds unknown.