I. PROCLAMATIONS OF STATE OF WAR Proc. No. 2374. Nov. 4, 1939, 12:04 p. m., 4 F. R. 4493, 54 Stat. 2671, proclaimed a state of war between Germany and France; Poland; and the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.

Proc. No. 2398, Apr. 25, 1940, 5 F. R. 1569, 54 Stat. 2698, proclaimed a state of war between Germany and Norway. Proc. No. 2404, May 11, 1940, 5 F. R. 1689, 54 Stat. 2703, proclaimed a state of war between Germany and Belgium, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands.

Proc. No. 2407, June 10, 1940, 10:20 p. m., E. S. T., 5 F. R. 2191, 54 Stat. 2706, proclaimed a state of war between Italy and France and United Kingdom.

Proc. No. 2443, Nov. 15, 1940, 5 F. R. 4523, 54 Stat. 2763, proclaimed a state of war between Italy and Greece. Proc. No. 2473, Apr. 10, 1941, 6 F. R. 1905, 55 Stat. 1627, proclaimed a state of war between Germany-Italy and Yugoslavia.

Proc. No. 2477, Apr. 15, 1941, 6 F. R. 1995, 55 Stat. 1631, proclaimed a state of war between Hungary and Yugoslavia.

Proc. No. 2479, Apr. 24, 1941, 6 F. R. 2133, 55 Stat. 1636, proclaimed a state of war between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia and Greece.

II. PROCLAMATIONS OF UNITED STATES
NEUTRALITY

Proc. No. 2348, Sept. 5, 1939, 4 F. R. 3809, 54 Stat. 2629, proclaimed neutrality of United States in war between Germany and France; Poland; United Kingdom, India, Australia, and New Zealand.

Proc. No. 2353, Sept. 8, 1939, 4 F. R. 3851, 54 Stat. 2643, proclaimed neutrality of United States in war between Germany and Union of South Africa.

Proc. No. 2359, Sept. 10, 1939, 4 F. R. 3857, 54 Stat. 2652, proclaimed neutrality of United States in war between Germany and Canada.

Proc. No. 2399, Apr. 25, 1940, 5 F. R. 1569, 54 Stat. 2699, proclaimed neutrality of United States in war between Germany and Norway.

Proc. No. 2405, May 11, 1940, 5 F. R. 1689, 54 Stat. 2704, proclaimed neutrality of United States in war between Germany and Belgium, Luxemburg, and the Netherlands. Proc. No. 2408, June 10, 1940, 10:20 p. m. E. S. T., 5 F. R. 2191, 54 Stat. 2707, proclaimed neutrality of United States in war between Italy and France and United Kingdom.

Proc. No. 2444, Nov. 15, 1940, 5 F. R. 4523, 54 Stat. 2764, proclaimed neutrality of United States in war between Italy and Greece.

III. MISCELLANEOUS PROCLAMATIONS AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS

Ex. Ord. No. 8233, Sept. 5, 1939, 4 F. R. 3822, referred to regulations governing enforcement of neutrality of the United States.

Ex. ORD. No. 8234. REGULATIONS GOVERNING PASSAGE AND CONTROL OF VESSELS THROUGH PANAMA CANAL IN ANY WAR IN WHICH THE UNITED STATES IS NEUTRAL

Ex. Ord. No. 8234, Sept. 5, 1939. 4 F. R. 3823, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 8382, Mar. 25, 1940, 5 F. R. 1185, is set out below:

Whereas the treaties of the United States, in any war in which the United States is a neutral, impose on the United States certain obligations to both neutral and belligerent nations;

And whereas the treaties of the United States, in any war in which the United States is a neutral, require that the United States exert all the vigilance within their power to carry out their obligations as a neutral;

And whereas treaties of the United States require that the Panama Canal shall be free and open, on terms of entire equality, to the vessels of commerce and of war of all nations observing the rules laid down in Article 3 of the so-called Hay-Pauncefote treaty concluded between the United States and Great Britain, November 18, 1901; Now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me by section 5 of the Panama Canal Act, approved August 24, 1912 (ch. 390, sec. 5, 37 Stat. 562), as amended by the act of July 5, 1932 (ch. 425, 47 Stat. 578), I hereby prescribe the following regulations governing the passage and control of vessels through the Panama Canal or any part thereof, including the locks and approaches thereto, in any war in which the United States is a neutral;

1. Whenever considered necessary, in the opinion of the Governor of the Panama Canal, to prevent damage or injury to vessels or to prevent damage or injury to the Canal or its appurtenances, or to secure the observance of the rules, regulations, rights, or obligations of the United States, the Canal authorities may at any time, as a condition precedent to transit of the Canal, inspect any vessel, belligerent or neutral, other than a public vessel,

including its crew and cargo, and, for and during the passage through the Canal, place armed guards thereon, and take full possession and control of such vessel and remove therefrom the officers and crew thereof and all other persons not specially authorized by the Canal authorities to go or remain on board thereof during such passage.

2. A public vessel of a belligerent or neutral nation shall be permitted to pass through the Canal only after her commanding officer has given written assurance to the authorities of the Panama Canal that the rules, regulations, and treaties of the United States will be faithfully observed.

3. Possession of cameras on board vessels; photographing from vessels. While on board any vessel in transit through the Panama Canal, no person shall (a) have or remain in possession of any camera, or (b) make any photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map, or graphical representation of any of the locks of the Panama Canal, or of any portion of any such lock, or of any area within or adjacent to any such lock, or of any object or structure within or upon any such area, without first obtaining the permission of the Governor of The Panama Canal, and promptly submitting the product obtained to the Governor for such action as he may deem necessary. The master of every vessel that transits the Panama Canal (a) shall prior to the beginning of each transit cause all cameras on board such vessel, or which are brought on board by embarking passengers, or otherwise, to be collected and delivered to him, and shall retain the said cameras in his possession, in a secure and inaccessible place, until the disembarkation of the original possessors thereof or until the transit through the Canal is completed, and (b) shall during such transit take such further action, in cooperation with the Canal authorities, as may be necessary to prevent the making, by any person on board such vessel in the waters of the Canal Zone, of any photograph, sketch, picture, drawing, map, or graphical representation which is forbidden by this paragraph; but these provisions shall not apply with respect to any person who has obtained permission as provided in this paragraph. Any person who shall violate any provision of this paragraph shall be punishable as provided in section 9 of title 2 of the Canal Zone Code.

The foregoing regulations are in addition to the "Rules and Regulations for the Operation and Navigation of the Panama Canal and Approaches Thereto, including all Waters under its Jurisdiction" prescribed by Executive Order No. 4314 of September 25, 1925, as amended, and the provisions of proclamations and executive orders pertaining to the Canal Zone issued in conformity with the laws and treaties of the United States.

the

Proc. No. 2350, Sept. 5, 1939, 4 F. R. 3821, 54 Stat. 2368, referred to regulations concerning neutrality in Canal Zone.

PROC. NO. 2914. NATIONAL EMERGENCY, 1950 Proc. No. 2914, Dec. 16, 1950, 15 F.R. 9029, 64 Stat. A454 provided:

Whereas recent events in Korea and elsewhere constitute a grave threat to the peace of the world and imperil the efforts of this country and those of the United Nations to prevent aggression and armed conflict; and Whereas world conquest by communist imperialism is the goal of the forces of aggression that have been loosed upon the world; and

Whereas, if the goal of communist imperialism were to be achieved, the people of this country would no longer enjoy the full and rich life they have with God's help built for themselves and their children; they would no longer enjoy the blessings of the freedom of worshipping as they severally choose, the freedom of reading and listening to what they choose, the right of free speech including the right to criticize their Government, the right to choose those who conduct their Government, the right to engage freely in collective bargaining, the right to engage freely in their own business enterprises, and the many other freedoms and rights which are a part of our way of life; and

Whereas the increasing menace of the forces of communist aggression requires that the national defense of the United States be strengthened as speedily as possible:

Now, therefore, I, Harry S. Truman, President of the United States of America, do proclaim the existence of a national emergency, which requires that the military, naval, air, and civilian defenses of this country be strengthened as speedily as possible to the end that we may be able to repel any and all threats against our national security and to fulfill our responsibilities in the efforts being made through the United Nations and otherwise to bring about lasting peace.

I summon all citizens to make a united effort for the security and well-being of our beloved country and to place its needs foremost in thought and action that the full moral and material strength of the Nation may be readied for the dangers which threaten us.

I summon our farmers, our workers in industry, and our businessmen to make a mighty production effort to meet the defense requirements of the Nation and to this end to eliminate all waste and inefficiency and to subordinate all lesser interests to the common good.

I summon every person and every community to make, with a spirit of neighborliness, whatever sacrifices are necessary for the welfare of the Nation.

I summon all State and local leaders and officials to cooperate fully with the military and civilian defense agencies of the United States in the national defense program.

I summon all citizens to be loyal to the principles upon which our Nation is founded, to keep faith with our friends and allies, and to be firm in our devotion to the peaceful purposes for which the United Nations was founded.

I am confident that we will meet the dangers that confront us with courage and determination, strong in the faith that we can thereby "secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity."

NATIONAL EMERGENCY OF 1939

Proc. No. 2352, Sept. 8, 1939, 4 F. R. 3851, 54 Stat. 2643, proclaimed national emergency in connection with enforcement of neutrality which was terminated by Proc. No. 2974, set out as a note preceding section 1 of this Appendix.

NATIONAL EMERGENCY OF 1941

Proc. No. 2487, May 27, 1941, 6 F. R. 2617, 55 Stat. 1647. proclaimed an unlimited national emergency which was terminated by Proc. No. 2974, set out as a note preceding section 1 of this Appendix.

Ex. ORD. No. 9723. TERMINATION OF PRESIDENT'S WAR RELIEF CONTROL BOARD

Ex. Ord. No. 9723, May 15, 1946, 11 F. R. 5345, provided: Executive Order No. 9205 of July 25, 1942 [7 F. R. 5803, formerly set out as a note preceding section 1 of this Appendix], is revoked, and the President's War Relief Control Board established by that order is hereby terminated. The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to liquidate all of the activities and obligations and wind up all of the affairs of the Board as rapidly as practicable, and to utilize therefor such of the personnel, property, records, and unexpended appropriations of the Board as may be necessary.

PROC. No. 2685. REMOVAL OF ALIEN ENEMIES Proc. No. 2685, Apr. 11, 1946, 11 F. R. 4079, 60 Stat. Pt. 2, p. 1342, provided:

1. All alien enemies within the continental limits of the United States brought here from other American republics after December 7, 1941, who are within the territory of the United States without admission under the immigration laws, shall, if their continued residence in the Western Hemisphere is deemed by the Secretary of State to be prejudicial to the future security or welfare of the Americas, be subject upon the order of the Secretary of State to removal from the United States and may be required to depart therefrom in accordance with such regulations as the Secretary of State may prescribe.

2. In all cases in which the Secretary of State shall have ordered the removal of an alien enemy under the authority of this proclamation or in which the Attorney General shall have ordered the removal of an alien enemy under the authority of Proclamation No. 2655 of July 14, 1945, thirty days shall be considered, and is hereby declared to be, a reasonable time for such alien enemy to effect

the recovery, disposal, and removal of his goods and effects, and for his departure.

3. This proclamation supersedes Proclamation No. 2662 of September 8, 1945, entitled "Removal of Alien Enemies."

PROC. NO. 2974, TERMINATION OF WARTIME EMERGENCIES

Proc. No. 2974, Apr. 29, 1952, 17 F. R. 3813, 66 Stat. c31, provided: now, therefore, I, Harry S. Truman, President of the United States of America, do proclaim that the national emergencies declared to exist by the proclamations of September 8, 1939 [set out as a note preceding section 1 of this Appendix], and May 27, 1941 [set out as a note preceding section 1 of this Appendix], terminated this day upon the entry into force of the Treaty of Peace with Japan.

Nothing in this proclamation shall be construed to affect Proclamation No. 2914 [set out as a note preceding section 1 of this Appendix], issued by the President on December 16, 1950, declaring that world conquest by communist imperialism is the goal of the forces of aggression that have been loosed upon the world, and proclaiming the existence of a national emergency requiring that the military, naval, air, and civilian defenses of this country be strengthened as speedily as possible to the end that we may be able to repel any and all threats against our national security and to fulfill our responsibilities in the efforts being made through the United Nations and otherwise to bring about lasting peace; and nothing herein shall be construed to affect the continuation of the said emergency of September 8, 1939, as specified in the Emergency Powers Interim Continuation Act, approved April 14, 1952 (Public Law 313-82d Congress), for the purpose of continuing the use of property held under the Act of October 14, 1940, ch. 862, 54 Stat. 1125, as amended [sections 1521-1590 of Title 42, Public Health and Welfare].

IV. DECLARATIONS OF WAR BY UNITED STATES
WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
Declared by Joint Res. April 6, 1917, 40 Stat. 1.
WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
Declared by Joint Res. Dec. 7, 1917, 40 Stat. 429.
WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND JAPAN
Declared by Joint Res. Dec. 8, 1941, 4:10 p. m., E. S. T.,
ch. 561, 55 Stat. 795.

WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND GERMANY Declared by Joint Res. Dec. 11, 1941, 3:05 p. m. E. S. T., ch. 564, 55 Stat. 796.

WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND ITALY Declared by Joint Res. Dec. 11, 1941, 3:06 p. m., E. S. T., ch. 565, 55 Stat. 797.

WAR BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND BULGARIA Declared by Joint Res. June 5, 1942, ch. 323, 56 Stat. 307. WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND HUNGARY Declared by Joint Res. June 5, 1942, ch. 324, 56 Stat. 307. WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND RUMANIA Declared by Joint Res. June 5, 1942, ch. 325, 56 Stat.

307.

PROC. No. 2563. PROCLAMATION OF STATE OF WAR BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND HUNGARY, BULGARIA, AND RUMANIA. Proc. No. 2563, July 17, 1942, 7 F. R. 5535, 56 Stat. 1970, proclaimed that a state of war existed between the United States and Hungary, Rumania and Bulgaria.

V. TERMINATION OF STATE OF WAR
CESSATION OF HOSTILITIES

The cessation of hostilities of World War II was officially proclaimed by the President of the United States, Proclamation No. 2714, 12 F. R. 1, dated December 31, 1946, U. S. Code Congressional Service 1947, p. 1895, in the following language:

Now, therefore, I, Harry S. Truman, President of the United States of America, do hereby proclaim the cessation of hostilities of World War II, effective twelve o'clock noon, December 31, 1946.

TREATY OF PEACE WITH ITALY, BULGARIA, HUNGARY, ROUMANIA AND FINLAND

On the 10th day of February 1947, separate Treaties of Peace were concluded by designated Allied and Associated Powers, including the United States of America, with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary and Roumania.

Each of these Treaties contained a recital in the Preamble that the Allied and Associated Powers named therein

Have therefore agreed to declare the cessation of the state of war and for this purpose to conclude the present Treaty of Peace, and have accordingly appointed the undersigned Plenipotentiaries who, after presentation of their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the following provisions:

The full text of the Treaties of Peace with Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary, Roumania and Finland are set out in 61 Stat. 1245, 1915, 2065, 1757.

On the same date a Treaty of Peace was concluded with Finland. The United States is not a signatory thereto.

TREATY OF PEACE WITH JAPAN

The Treaty of Peace with Japan signed at the city of San Francisco on the 8th day of September 1951, Chapter I, Article 1, provides:

(a) The state of war between Japan and each of the Allied Powers is terminated as from the date on which the present Treaty comes into force between Japan and the Allied Power concerned as provided for in Article 23.

Article 23 of Chapter VII, above referred to, provides:

(a) The present Treaty shall be ratified by the States which sign it, including Japan, and will come into force for all the States which have then ratified it, when instruments of ratification have been deposited by Japan and by a majority, including the United States of America as the principal occupying Power, of the following States [here would appear the names of such of the following States as are signatories to the present Treaty], namely Australia, Burma, Canada, Ceylon, France, India, Indonesia, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the United States of America. The present Treaty shall come into force for each State which subsequently ratifies it, on the date of the deposit of its instrument of ratification.

(b) If the Treaty has not come into force within nine months after the date of the deposit of Japan's ratification, any State which has ratified it may bring the Treaty into force between itself and Japan by a notification to that effect given to the Government of Japan and of the United States of America not later than three years after the date of deposit of Japan's ratification.

GERMANY

JOINT RESOLUTION OF Congress

Joint Res. Oct. 19, 1951, ch. 519, 65 Stat. 451, provided: "That the state of war declared to exist between the United States and the Government of Germany by the joint resolution of Congress approved December 11, 1941, is hereby terminated and such termination shall take effect on the date of enactment of this resolution [Oct. 19, 1951]: Provided, however, That notwithstanding this resolution and any proclamation issued by the President pursuant thereto, any property or interest which prior to January 1, 1947, was subject to vesting or seizure under the provisions of the Trading With the Enemy Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stat. 411), as amended [sections 1-6 and 7-39 of this Appendix] or which has heretofore been vested or seized under that Act [said sections], including accruals to or proceeds of any such property or interest, shall continue to be subject to the provisions of that Act [said sections] in the same manner and to the same extent as if this resolution had not been adopted and such proclamation had not been issued. Nothing herein and nothing in such proclamation shall alter the status, as it existed immediately prior hereto,

under that Act [said sections], of Germany or of any person with respect to any such property or interest." PROCLAMATION NO. 2950

Proc. No. 2950, Oct. 25, 1951, 16 F. R. 10915, 66 Stat. c3, proclaimed that the state of war between the United States and the Government of Germany declared on Dec. 11, 1941 was terminated on Oct. 19, 1951.

RATIFICATION OF JAPANESE PEACE TREATY

The Treaty of Peace with Japan, signed at San Francisco on September 8, 1951, was ratified by the United States Senate on March 20, 1952. For Resolution of ratification, see Congressional Record, Vol. 98, No. 46, Thursday March 20, 1952, p. 2634.

VI. AUTHORIZATION TO EMPLOY ARMED

FORCES

MIDDLE EAST STABILIZATION

Pub. L. 85-7, §§ 1-6, Mar. 9, 1957, 71 Stat. 5, set out as chapter 24A of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, authorizes the President to provide economic and military assistance, and, if he determines it necessary, to use armed forces under certain circumstances.

PROTECTION OF SECURITY OF FORMOSA

Joint Res. Jan. 29, 1955, ch. 4, 8:42 A. M., 69 Stat. 7, provided that:

"Whereas the primary purpose of the United States, in its relations with all other nations, is to develop and sustain a just and enduring peace for all; and

"Whereas certain territories in the West Pacific under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China are now under armed attack, and threats and declarations have been and are being made by the Chinese Communists that such armed attack is in aid of and in preparation for armed attack on Formosa and the Pescadores,

"Whereas such armed attack if continued would gravely endanger the peace and security of the West Pacific Area and particularly of Formosa and the Pescadores; and

"Whereas the secure possession by friendly governments of the Western Pacific Island chain, of which Formosa is a part, is essential to the vital interests of the United States and all friendly nations in or bordering upon the Pacific Ocean; and

"Whereas the President of the United States on January 6, 1955, submitted to the Senate for its advise and consent to ratification a Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China. which recognizes that an armed attack in the West Pacific area directed against territories, therein described, in the region of Formosa and the Pescadores, would be dangerous to the peace and safety of the parties to the treaty: Therefore be it

"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the United States be and he hereby is authorized to employ the Armed Forces of the United States as he deems necessary for the specific purpose of securing and protecting Formosa and the Pescadores against armed attack, this authority to include the securing and protection of such related positions and territories of that are now in friendly hands and the taking of such other measures as he judges to be required or appropriate in assuring the defense of Formosa and the Pescadores.

"This resolution shall expire when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the area is reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise, and shall so report to the Congress."

Sec.

5. Suspension of provisions relating to ally of enemy; regulation of transactions in foreign exchange of gold or silver, property transfers, vested interest, enforcement and penalties.

6. Alien Property Custodian; general powers and duties. 6a. Incurment of expenses by Office of Alien Property Custodian.

7.

6b. Payment of expenses by the Attorney General. Lists of enemy or ally of enemy officers, directors or stockholders of corporations in United States; acts constituting trade with enemy prior to passage of Act; conveyance of property to custodian; voluntary payment to custodian by holder; acts under order, rule, or regulation.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Contracts, mortgages, or pledges against or with enemy or ally of enemy; abrogation of contracts; suspension of limitations.

Claims to property transferred to custodian; notice of claim; filing; return of property; suits to recover.

Acts permitted; applications for patents, or registration of trade-marks or copyrights; payment of tax in relation thereto; licenses under enemy owned patent or copyright; statements by licensees; term and cancellation; suits against licensees; restraining infringements; powers of attorney; keeping secret inventions.

17.

Offenses; punishment; forfeitures of property. Rules by district courts; appeals.

33.

34.

Waiver by Custodian of demand for property; acceptance of less amount; approval of Attorney General. Attachment or garnishment of funds or property held by Custodian.

"Member of former ruling family," defined. Return of property.

(a) Conditions precedent.

(b) Extension of filing time limitation for redetermination of excessive profits.

(c) Inventions.

(d) Rights and duties.

(e) Legal proceeding unaffected.

(f) Notice of intention.

(g) Payment of expenses of Custodian. (h) Designation of successor organizations to receive heirless property; maximum returns; time for filing notice of claim, etc. Same; notice; institution of suits; computation of time.

Payment of debts.

(a) Claims allowable; defenses.

(b) Time limit for filing claims; extension; notice.

(c) Examination of claims.

(d) Funds for debt payments.

(e) Amount payable; disallowance; notice; review; additional evidence; judgment.