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This invention describes an improved solar cell of increased efficiency. The invention comprises a p-type GaAs crystal adjoining an n-type Ga1-x Aly As crystal to form a p-n junction. The value of x varies linearly in the n-type crystal from x-0 at the junction of the two crystals to x = .7 at the opposite surface of the n-type crystal. Hence, when the said opposite surface of the n-type crystal is exposed to solar radiation, energy is delivered by the p-n junction more efficiently than it is delivered by prior p-n junction type solar cells.

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This invention relates to a method for welding thin sheet metal members by the simultaneous bonding and shaping into an essentially planar configuration without the addition of a bonding material. This is accomplished by explosively welding overlapped sheets while simultaneously bending them such that the major portions of the two sheets are left in a single plane. The method furnishes a simple and economical method of welding thin sheet aluminum and titanium with bonds which exhibit the strength of the parent metal.

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The Narrow Band FM transmitter transmits voice signals on a FM carrier signal. The transmitter includes preemphasis for flattening the frequency spectrum. The receiver includes a demodulator for demodulating the FM carrier with decreasing band width as a function of the carrier strength. Limiting means are employed for decreasing the carrier strength as the incoming carrier-to-noise ratio decreases and a deemphasis circuit for restoring the frequency spectrum of the original voice signal.

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The relative azimuth bearing between first and second space terrestrial points (which may be obscured from each other by intervening terrain) is measured by placing at one of the points a laser source for projecting a collimated beam upward in the vertical plane. The collimated laser beam is detected at the second point by positioning the optical axis of a receiving instrument for the laser beam in such a manner that the beam intercepts the optical axis. In response to the optical axis intercepting the beam, the beam is deflected into two different ray paths by a beam splitter having an apex located on the optical axis. The energy in the ray paths is detected by separate photoresponsive elements that drive logic networks.

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This invention describes a method and apparatus applicable to jet engines for improving operating efficiency over broad ranges of flight conditions and for reducing engine noise output in take-off and landing by controlling the airflow entering and exiting the engines. A turbojet engine apparatus is described which operates efficiently at both subsonic and supersonic speeds and a method is described which enables a turbofan with an associated satellite turbojet or turbofan to operate more efficiently at both subsonic and supersonic speeds. In both cases, take-off and landing noise is reduced substantially. The apparatus consists essentially of arranging for two separate portions of an engine to act upon one airstream or, alternately, to operate on independent airstreams.

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