Barclay, Robert, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity as the same is held forth and preached by the People called in Scorn Quakers, etc. In Latin, Amsterdam, Jacob Claus, 1676; 1st ed. in English [Aberdeen?], 1678.

Christian Discipline of the Society of Friends in Great Britain, etc. London, Samuel Harris & Co., 1883 (now Edward Hicks, Jr., 14 Bishopsgate Street Without).

A Confession of Faith in the most necessary things of Christian Doctrine, Faith, and Practice according to the Testimony of Holy Scriptures. Given forth from the Yearly Meeting at Burlington the 7th of 7th Moneth, 1692, by the despised Christian People called Quakers. Printed and sold by William Bradford in Philadelphia, 1693. (2d ed.)

Crewdson, Isaac, A Beacon to the Society of Friends. London, Hamilton, Adams & Co., 1835.

A Declaration of New England Yearly Meeting of Friends upon various Christian Doctrines, etc. Providence, Knowles & Vose, 1845. Epistles from the Yearly Meeting of Friends held in London, to the Quarterly and Monthly Meetings in Great Britain, Ireland, and elsewhere, from 1681 to 1857 inclusive. With an Historical Introduction, and a chapter comprising some of the early Epistles and Records of the Yearly Meeting. In two volumes. London, Edward Marsh, 1858 (now Edward Hicks, Jr., 14 Bishopsgate Street Without).

An Epistolary Declaration and Testimony of the Yearly Meeting of Friends for New England respecting the Proceedings of those who have effected a Separation therein, etc. Providence, B. A. Moore, 1845.

Phila

Evans, Thomas, Exposition of the Faith of the Society of Friends. delphia, Kimber & Sharpless, 1827. (Frequently reprinted, Friends' Book-store, Philadelphia.) See also Friends' Library, Introduction, vol. i., p. i. and pp. 109-141.

Gurney, Joseph John, Observations on the Distinguishing Views and Practices of the Society of Friends. London, Gilpin, 1824; 7th ed., Darton & Harvey, 1834.

Letters and Observations relating to the Controversy respecting the Doctrine of Elias Hicks. Containing a review of his letter to Dr. N. Shoemaker. 3d edition revised. Printed for the Reader, 1824.

Narrative of Facts and Circumstances that have tended to produce a Secession from the Society of Friends in New England Yearly Meeting.

Provi

dence, Knowles & Vose, 1845. Also Strictures on the above by the Meeting of Sufferings of New England Yearly Meeting. 1845.

Penn, William, The Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers, in which their Fundamental Principles, Doctrines, Worship, Ministry, and Discipline are plainly stated, etc. 7th ed., London, 1769.

(Originally published as the preface to George Fox's "Journal." Many editions, e.g., Friends' Book-store, Philadelphia, 1865.) Proceedings, including Declaration of Christian Doctrine, of the General Conference of Friends held in Richmond, Indiana, U. S. A., 1887. Published by direction of the Conference. Richmond, Ind., Nichol

son & Bro., 1887.

Proceedings of a Conference of Friends of America held in Indianapolis, Indiana. Published by direction of the Conference. Richmond, Ind., Nicholson & Bro., 1892.

A Summary of Some of the Doctrines and Testimonies of the People of God or Friends (called Quakers). Prepared and published by Abraham Lawton, Joseph Bancroft, and Evan T. Flinn. Thos. W. Stuckey, printer [1869].

V. LEGAL TRIALS AND DECISIONS.

Bancroft, Sidney C., Report of some of the Proceedings in the case of Oliver Earle and others, in Equity against William Wood and others in the Supreme Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, including the opinion of the Court as pronounced, Lemuel Shaw, C.-J., etc. Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1855.

Foster, Jeremiah J., An Authentic Report of the Testimony in a cause at issue in the Court of Chancery of the State of New Jersey, between Thomas L. Shotwell, Complainant, and Joseph Hendrickson and Stacy Decor, Defendants. Two vols. Philadelphia, J. Harding, 1831. A Full Report of the Case of Stacy Decow and Joseph Hendrickson vs. Thomas L. Shotwell, decided at a Special Term of the New Jersey Court of Appeals, held at Trenton in July and August, 1833, embracing the decision of the Court of Chancery from which the Appeal was made, the arguments of the Counsel on each side, and the Final Decision of the Court of Appeals. Taken down in shorthand by competent reporters, and revised by the respective counsel. Philadelphia, P. J. Gray, 1834.

PREFACE.

THE following sketch of the history and doctrines of the Society of Friends in America is based on an independent examination of original records, documents, contemporary histories, journals, and other materials. Το compress the history of two hundred and fifty years into less than one hundred and fifty pages has been no easy task; and while great care has been taken to omit nothing. of supreme importance, it is altogether likely that omissions will be found more or less serious. It is believed, however, that the account fairly represents the main lines of a remarkably eventful history.

In describing the various divisions which have occurred in the Society the aim has been to be impartial and, so far as practicable, let each side speak for itself. If any feel themselves not fully represented, indulgence is craved for unintentional shortcoming.

To those who have so kindly rendered aid in furnishing information and materials for use in the preparation of this sketch a grateful acknowledgment is due.

HAVERFORD, PA.,

Fourth month, 1894.

171

THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS.

INTRODUCTION.

ORGANIZATION.

[In the following sketch the titles adopted in the United States Census of 1890 are used to distinguish the various divisions of the body calling itself by the name of " Friends," as Orthodox,' Hicksites," Wilburites," and "Primitive." These terms are used simply for the sake of distinction, and with no invidious meaning.]

THE Society of Friends in the United States and Canada is composed of Yearly Meetings, of which the Orthodox have thirteen, the Hicksites seven, and the Wilburites six. As the organization is essentially the same in all, they may be considered together. Each Yearly Meeting, as its name implies, meets annually, and exercises a jurisdiction over a certain amount of territory. The geographical extent of each varies, but altogether they include the whole territory on the continent, and all Friends belong to some one of the Yearly Meetings with the exception of the small bodies, styled "Primitive," which form independent congregations. On all matters relating to faith

1 The Orthodox Yearly Meetings are (1894): New England, New York, Canada, Philadelphia, Baltimore, North Carolina, Ohio, Wilmington (O.), Indiana, Western (Ind.), Iowa, Kansas, Oregon. The Hicksite Yearly Meetings are: New York, Genesee (N. Y.), Philadelphia, Baltimore, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois. The Wilburite Yearly Meetings are: New England, Canada, Ohio, Western (Ind.), Iowa, and Kansas.