yet if the improvement of their understanding be as es- In the third place, the concise manner in which the apostle hath written his epistles may have been designed to render them short, that they might be transcribed and purchased at a small expense, and by that means become of more general use. What advantage this must have been to the disciples in the early ages may easily be conceived, when it is recollected, that anciently there were no books but such as were written with the pen. For, if books so written were of any bulk, being necessarily of great price, they could not be procured by the lower classes of mankind, for whose use St. Paul's epistles were principally designed. In the fourth place, although the want of those nicely formed transitions, connexions, and recapitulations, by which the different parts of the elegant writings of the Greeks are united and formed into one whole or perfect body of discourse, hath given to the apostle's epistles such a miscellaneous appearance, that the reader is apt to consider them as desultory compositions, like those of Epictetus and Marcus Antoninus; and although, by this means, the most important passages of his writings have the form of aphorisms, it is, perhaps, no real disadvantage, because, on that very account, these passages may be the more easily committed to memory, even by persons who have not learned to read. This leads me to remark, that the ease with which the most striking passages of the apostolical epistles may be committed to memory, through their apparent want of connexion, hath rendered them in all ages highly profitable to the common people, for whose use principally they were intended, and more especially to the primitive Christians. For in that age, when men were so captivated with the gospel, that, on account of it, they parted with every thing most dear to them, we may believe they would spend much of their time in committing to memory the 27 chief passages of the evangelical histories and apostolical epistles, in which the doctrines, precepts, and promises of the gospel are recorded. These were the charter on which all their hopes were founded, the lights by which they guided themselves in every situation, and the only source of their consolation under the sufferings brought on them by the profession of the gospel. We cannot be much mistaken, therefore, in supposing, that persons were chosen to be the penmen of the Scriptures, who, following the bent of their own genius, should write, in the concise and apparently unconnected manner above described, on purpose that the most useful passages of these divinely inspired compositions might be committed to memory with the greater ease. For thus the more intelligent brethren could not only make these passages the subjects of their own daily meditation, but also repeat them to others, whose memories were not so retentive, or who were not able to purchase copies of the Scriptures, or who perhaps could not have read them although possessed of them; but who, by hearing them often repeated, could commit them to memory, and derive great profit from them. Even at this day the common people reap the same advantage from the concise and seemingly unconnected form in which the sacred oracles are written. For whether they read them, or hear them read, the nervous sentences and striking passages with which these divinely inspired writings abound, engrave themselves so deeply in the people's minds, that they often occur to their thoughts, both as matter of consolation under the troubles of life, and as motives and rules of conduct in the various situations wherein they are placed. The foregoing remarks on the apostle Paul's manner of writing, and the reasonings by which I have endeavoured to vindicate him for using the concise obscure style in his epistles, I have ventured to lay before the reader; because, if they are well founded, every person of taste and judgment will acknowledge that these epistles in their present form, are much better calculated for the instruction of the world, than if they had been attired in all the splendour of the Grecian eloquence, whose brightness might have dazzled the imagination of the vulgar for a little, but could neither have enlightened their understanding, nor have made any lasting impression on their heart. This I say, because it is well known to the critics, that the style in writing which is esteemed most elegant derives its chief excellence from the frequent use of metaphors and allusions, which, though they may charm the learned, are of no value in the eye of the illiterate, who cannot apply them to their proper counterparts. Whatever delight, therefore, such latent beauties may give to those who can unfold them, to the vulgar they are little better than a picture to a blind man; for which reason the apostle, with great propriety, hath, for the most part, neglected them. I shall now conclude the present essay with the following observation concerning the Scriptures in general; namely, that as these writings were designed for all mankind, and were to be translated into every language, it may justly be doubted, whether, in such compositions, any great benefit could have been derived to the world from beauties which depend on a nice arrangement of words, on the rhythms and cadences of periods, and on the just application of the various figures of speech frequently introduced. Elegancies of that kind are generally lost in translations, being like those subtle essences which fly off when poured out of one vessel into another. And even though some of these delicate beauties might have been retained in what is called a free translation, yet, as that advantage must have been purchased often at the expense of the inspired writer's meaning, such a translation of the word of God never could have been appealed to as an infallible standard for determining controversies in religion, or for regulating men's practice; because it would have exhibited the translator's private opinion, rather than the mind of the Spirit of God. (See Gen. Pref. page 11.) Whereas, to have the very words, as nearly as possible, in which the revelations of God were originally delivered, set forth in literal translations, was the only method of extending the benefit of revelation, as an infallible rule of faith and practice, to men of all nations. The Spirit of God, therefore, wisely ordered, that the excellence of the Scriptures should consist, neither in their being written in the Attic purity of the Greek tongue, nor in their being highly ornamented with those flowers and graces of speech, whose principal virtue consists in pleasing the imagination and in tickling the ear, but in the truth and importance of the things written, and in a simplicity of style suited to the gravity of the subjects; or in such an energy of language as the grandeur of the thoughts naturally suggested. Excellencies of this sort easily pass from one language into another, while the meretricious ornaments of studied elegance, if in the least displaced, as they must be when translated, wholly disap pear. This being the case, I appeal to every reader of sound judgment, whether Lord Shaftesbury and the deists speak sense when they insinuate, that, because the Scriptures were dictated by the Spirit of God, they ought throughout to surpass all human writings in beauty of composition, elegance of style, and harmoniousness of periods. The sacred oracles were not designed, as works of genius, to attract the admiration of the learned, nor to set before them a finished model of fine writing for their imitation; but to turn mankind from sin to God. For which purpose, the graces of a florid, or even of a melodious style, were certainly of little value, in comparison of those more solid excellencies of sentiment and language, whereby the Scriptures have become the power of God unto salvation to all who believe them, and will continue to be so till the end of time. We may therefore in this, as in every other instance, affirm with our apostle, that "the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men," 1 Cor. i. 25.; and may with understanding ascribe to God, only wise, the glory that is due to him, on account of the admirable contrivance of his Word. ESSAY IV. method the author has adopted, to prevent the necessity of repeating the same proof on every new occasion where it might be wanted. In examining the following remarks, the reader is desired to recollect, that the native language of the writers of the New Testament was the Hebrew, or Syro-Chaldaie. For these authors, following the idiom of their mother tongue, naturally affixed to some of the Greek words and phrases which they have used, the senses of the corresponding Hebrew words and phrases. Hence the Hebraisms found in the New Testament, which the lesser critics have so loudly condemned, as was observed in the essay on St. Paul's style. Allowing, therefore, that the evangelists and apostles have introduced Hebrew forms of expression into their Greek writings, the following remarks ought not to be considered as ill-founded, on pretence that they are not applicable to the Greek language in its classical purity. Some critics, indeed, anxious to defend the reputation of the apostles as writers, have endeavoured to produce, from the best Greek authors, phrases similar to those in the inspired writings which have been most blamed. But the attempt, I think, might have been spared. For although the Hebraisms in the New Testament are fewer than some fastidious critics have supposed, the best judges have allowed that there are, in these books, words and phrases which can be called by no other name than Hebraisms, as the following remarks will clearly evince. N. B.-The examples from Scripture which are marked with an asterisk (*), are taken from the common English version. VERBS. 1. ACTIVE VERBS.-The Hebrews used active verbs to express the agent's design and attempt to do a thing, though the thing designed or attempted did not take place. Exod. viii. 18. "And the magicians did so (attempted to do so) with their enchantments, to bring forth lice, but they could not." Deut. xxviii. 68. "Ye shall be sold (set to sale) and no man shall buy you." 13. Ezek. xxiv. "Because I have purged (attempted to purge) thee," namely, by instructions, reproofs, &c. " and thou wast not purged." Matt. xvii. 11. "Elias truly cometh first, and restoreth all things;" that is, attempteth to restore all things. Gal. v. 4. "Whosoever of you are justified (that is, seek to be justified) by the law, ye are fallen from grace. Phil. iii. 15. (ÕJU TEXHCI). As many as are 1 John i. 10. "We On Translating the Greek Language used by the Wri- (that is, as would be) perfect." ters of the New Testament. In the translation of the apostolical epistles now offered to the public, important alterations are made in the meaning of many passages of Scripture, which are not supported in the notes. The author, therefore, has judged it necessary to submit to his readers a number of observations on the Greek language, and on some of its particles, as used in the inspired writings, whereby the alterations which he hath made in the translation of these writings, he hopes, will appear to be well-founded. His remarks the author hath made in the following order :-I. On the Verbs. II. On the Voices, Modes, and Tenses of the Verb. III. On the Participles, Nouns, Pronouns, and Articles. IV. On the Particles, ranged in the order of the alphabet. The senses which he hath affixed to each particle he hath supported by passages both from the Scriptures and from the Greek classics, where they are used in these senses. And as often as in the new translation any uncommon sense is given to a Greek word, that word is inserted in the translation, that, by turning to the part of this essay where it is handled, the reader may judge whether the sense affixed to it is sufficiently warranted by its use in other passages. This make him (we endeavour to make him) a liar." 1 John ii. 26. "These things I have written concerning them that deceive you;" that is, who endeavour to deceive you. See also chap. v. 10. 2. The Hebrews used active verbs to denote simply the effect of the action expressed. Isa. lxi. 1. Quaesitus sum ab iis qui me non petebant. In this passage quærere and petere, according to the ordinary signification of these words, are evidently the same. And yet St. Paul, quoting the passage, rightly expresses it, Rom. x. 20. "I was found of them that sought me not." John xvi. 5. "None of you asketh me, whither goest thou;" none of you knoweth whither I am going; for Peter had expressly asked that question, chap. xiii. 36. 1 Cor. viii. 12. "But thus sinning against the brethren ( TUTTCYTE, and beating, that is), and hurting their weak consciences (for hurting is the effect of beating), ye sin against Christ." 3. Active Verbs, in some cases, were used by the Hebrews to express, not the doing of the thing said to be done, but simply the declaring that it is done, or that it shall be done. Thus, both in the Hebrew and in the Septuagint translation of Levit. xiii. 6. 8. 11. 13. 17. 20. &c., the priest is said to cleanse and to pollute; but the meaning evidently is, that, after due examination, he is to declare the person clean or polluted. Acts x. 15. What God hath cleansed,' what God hath declared clean (ou un xone), 'do not thou pollute;' that is, as our translators have rightly rendered it, do not thou call unclean.' Isaiah vi. 10. Make the heart of this people fat, and make their ears heavy;' declare, or foretell, that the heart of this people is fat, &c. Accordingly, Matt. xiii. 15, where this passage is quoted, it is thus expressed: The heart of this people is waxed fat,' &c. Jerem. i. 9. I have put my word into thy mouth, 10. So that I have this day set thee over the nations, to root out, and to pull down, and to destroy, and to throw down, and to build, and to plant.' I have appointed thee to declare, or prophesy, concerning the nations, that they shall be rooted out, &c. Ezek. xliii. 3. According to the vision which I saw when I came to destroy the city; that is, to prophesy that it should be destroyed. Ezek. xxii. 2. Son of Man, wilt thou judge, wilt thou judge the bloody city? Wilt thou declare that the bloody city shall be judged? This the prophet accordingly did in the subsequent part of the chapter, particularly ver. 14, 15, 16. Matt. xix. 28. Ye who have followed me in the regeneration, when the Son of Man shall sit in the throne of his glory' (when, after his resurrection, he shall sit on the right hand of God), 'ye also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel;' that is, by inspiration, ye shall publish laws for the government of all the members of the visible church on earth, and, by authority derived from me, ye shall declare, that all shall be judged by these laws at the last day. 1 Cor. vi. 2. Do ye not know that the saints judge the world?' Do ye not know that the inspired preachers of the gospel declare that the world is to be judged; and also declare the laws by which it is to be judged? Ver. 3. 'Do ye not know that we judge angels?' That in the gospel which we preach, we declare the judgment and punishment of the evil angels? 4. Active Verbs were used by the Hebrews to express, not the doing, but the permission of the thing which the agent is said to do. Thus, Gen. xxxi. 7, Jacob says of Laban, 'God did not give him (did not permit him) to hurt me.' Exod. v. 22. Lord, wherefore hast thou so evil entreated this people?' wherefore hast thou permitted them to be so evil entreated? Psalm xvi. 10. Thou wilt not (give, that is) suffer thine Holy One to see corruption.' Psalm lxxxi. 12. So I gave them up unto their own hearts' lusts;' I permitted them to be led by their own strong lusts; as is plain from God's adding, ver. 13. '() that my people had hearkened to me,' &c.; for that wish God could not have expressed, if, by any positive influence, he had given them, &c. Jerem. iv. 10. Lord God, surely thou hast greatly deceived this people' (thou hast suffered this people to be greatly deceived by the false prophets), 'saying, ye shall have peace.' Ezek. xiv. 9. If the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the Lord have deceived that prophet: I have permitted him to deceive himself. Ezek. xx. 25. I gave them also statutes that were not good:' I permitted them to follow the wicked statutes of the neighbouring nations, mentioned Levit. xviii. 3. Matt. vi. 13. Lead us not (suffer us not to be led) into temptation.' Le Clerc, Ars Crit. vol. i. p. 237, has shown, that Homer, in the same sense, ascribes the evil actions of men to God. Matt. xi. 25. I thank thee, O Father, that thou hast hid (hast not revealed) these things,' &c. Matt. xiii. 11. To you it is given to know the mysteries of the kingdom, but to them it is not given:' Ye are permitted to know the mysteries, &c. but they are not permitted to know them. Mark v. 12. Send us into the swine;' suffer us to go, &c. Acts xiii. 29. When they (the Jewish rulers who crucified Jesus) had ful filled all that was written of him, they took him down from the cross, and laid him in a sepulchre:' they permitted him to be taken down, and laid in a sepulchre; for it was Joseph and Nicodemus, two of Christ's disciples, who took him down and buried him. Rom. i. 24. God gave them up to uncleanness, through the lusts of their own hearts:' God permitted them to fall into uncleanness, through their own strong lusts. Rom. ix. 18. Whom he will he hardeneth:' He permitteth to be hardened. Rom. xi. 7. The rest were blinded;' were permitted to become blind. 8. According to what is written, God hath given them a spirit of slumber;' hath permitted them to fall asleep. 2 Thess. ii. 11. For this cause God shall send them strong delusion that they should believe a lie:'* God shall permit strong delusion to beset them, so that they shall believe a lie. Rev. ix. 3. And to them was given power.' xiii. 5. And there was given unto him a mouth speaking great things and blasphemies.' 5. Active Verbs are used to express, not the doing, but the giving an occasion of doing a thing.-Gen. xlii. 38. If mischief befall him by the way, then shall ye bring down (ye shall be the occasion of bringing down) my gray hairs,' &c. 1 Kings xiv. 16. Jeroboam made Israel to sin;' occasioned the people to sin, by setting up the calves. Acts i. 28. This man (Judas) purchased a field with the reward of iniquity; that is, occasioned it to be purchased; as is plain from Matt. xxvii. 7. 6. Active Verbs sometimes denote the continuation of the action which they express.-1 John v. 13. These things I have written to you who believe on the name of the Son of God, that ye may believe on the name (that is, continue to believe on the name) of the Son of God.' 7. NEUTER AND INTRANSITIVE VERES.-The writers of the New Testament use neuter and intransitive verbs to denote actions whose objects are things without the agent. Thus, the intransitive verb avara, which signifies to rise or spring up, is used transitively, Matt. v. 45. (avara) He maketh his sun to rise." So avionul, I rise, John vi. 54. avasnow autov, I will cause him to rise, 'I will raise him.'* 1 Cor. iii. 6. But God (v) hath made to grow.' 1 Cor. iv. 7. 'Who (σ Siange) maketh thee to differ?'* Matt. v. 29. 'If thy right eye (σnavdagu) cause thee to offend;"" marg. transl. Matt. xviii. 6. Whoso (σxavdanion) shall cause one of these little ones to offend.' 1 Cor. viii. 13. If meat (d) maketh my brother to offend.'* In like manner, wлn, which signifies to know, is used, I think, transitively in the following passages:-1 Cor. viii. 3. If any man love God, (8T0s gyroles un auTs), he is made to know (he is taught) by him;' as is plain from ver. 2. 1 Cor. xiii. 12. (ru) I shall be made to know, even as I am known.' Gal. iv. 9. But now knowing God, or rather ( T ) being made to know (being instructed) by God.' 2 Tim. ii. 19. The foundation of God standeth sure, having this seal, The Lord (JVEN TYS CUTAS AT8) maketh them known who are his,' Numb. xvi. 5. To-morrow the Lord will show (Heb. know, i. e. make known) who are his.' Edwa, which signifies to know, is likewise used transitively, 1 Cor. ii. 2. (8 jag engive to adorari) For I determined to make known (to preach) nothing among you but Jesus Christ, and him crucified.' Mark xii. 32. But of that day and that hour (duç cider) no man knoweth,' (that is, maketh known), 'not even the angels who are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father;' neither man, nor angel, nor the Son, is allowed to make known when that day will happen, the Father having reserved that discovery to himself, Acts i. 7. In the same manner, gubwe also is used transitively in the following passage: 2 Cor. ii. 14. I give thanks to God, who at all times (gμCERTI as) causeth us to triumph.'* And guy, 2 Cor. ix. 8. God is able (i) to make every gra ་ Voices, Modes, Tenses, and Numbers of the Verb. 8. VOICES.-Beza tells us, that the active is put for the passive, 1 Pet. ii. 6. Wherefore also (Tgx for TXT) it is contained in the Scripture.'* Accordingly, the first Syriac translation hath Dicitur in Scriptura. But this change of the voice is singular. Estius observes, that some verbs in the middle voice have only a passive signification, and others an active, and others both significations. When verbs in the middle voice are used actively, they commonly express the agent's performing the action on himself. Heb. x. 38. The just by faith shall live, (x 2 :,) but if he withdraw himself.' Examples of verbs in the middle voice, which have a passive signification, are,--Luke ii. 5. argggupu, 'to be taxed with Mary.' 1 Cor. x. 2. And all (Ta) were baptized into Moses.' 9. MODES. As the Hebrew language hath no subjunctive mode, the indicative is often put for the subjunctive.-1 Cor. iv. 6. That none of you (vis for pur) may be puffed up.' 1 Cor. xv. 12. If it be preached that Christ was raised,' &c. (7w; rs7871) 'how can some among you say?' Ver. 35. Some will say, (rus jagerres for gr) how can the dead be raised? and with what body do they come?' Ver. 50. Neither (Angers for angor) can corruption inherit incorruption.' Gal. iv. 17. (11 aures Chaute for (nawT) That ye may ardently love them.'-On the other hand, the subjunctive mode hath often the sense of the indicative. Matt. xi. 6. Blessed is he ( un ouerfiriotr) who is not made to stumble.' John xv. 8. By this is my Father glorified (w1g7v v pete) when ye bear much fruit.' 1 Cor. vi. 4. (829 sxats) * When ye have secular seats of judgment.' 1 Cor. xv. 25. Until (9) he hath put all enemies under his feet. James iv. 13. Today or to-morrow (rgeous for rogersμ) we will go. Ver. 15. If the Lord will (now for no) we shall live.'* The infinitive mode was used by the Hebrews for the verb, in any of its modes and tenses.-Luke ix. 3. Neither (x) have two coats.' Rom. xii. 15. (xg) Rejoice wit them that r joice.' Philip. iii. 16. (Tv)Let us walk by the same rule." 2 Cor. x. 9. Seem (sav :) as if I would terrify you.'* The infinitive, with the article prefixed, is used for the substantive noun. Heb. ii. 15. And who (die TT T ) through all their life.' Heb. iii. 15. ( w asyou for Tw) By the saying, To-day,' &c. In this form the article is sometimes omitted. Heb. iv. 1. A promise being left ( Jay for Te Jer) of entering.' The Latins likewise said scire tuum, for scientia tua. 10. TENSES. As the Hebrew verb hath only two tenses, the preterite and future, these two, with the participles, supply the place of all the rest. Hence the Jews, in writing Greek, give to the preterite and future tenses of Greek verbs all the variety of signification which these tenses have in the Hebrew. To begin with the preterite tenses, they denote in the Greek, the continuation of the action or state expressed by the verb.-Rom. v. 2. This grace wherein (er, e have stood) ye continue to stand.' 1 Cor. i. 10. In whom (s) we have trusted, and continue to trust.' Heb. x. 11. And every high priest (15x) standeth daily; that is, continueth daily to stand. James i. 20. He beholdeth himself, and (a) goeth his way.' The preterite tenses, therefore, must, in some instances, be translated in the signification of the present. In this observation I am supported by Beza, who thus writes on Rom. ix. 19. Multa enim verba sunt apud Græcos quæ inpreteritis habent presentis significationem. We may therefore translate John xx. 17. thus: Hold me not, (x yg avabona), for I do not yet ascend :' I am to remain a while on earth. The preterite tenses, especially in the prophetic writings, are used for the future, to shew the absolute certainty of the things spoken of. Thus, Rom. viii. 30. The called are represented as already justified, and even glorified. Eph. ii. 6. Believers are said to be already raised from the dead. Heb. ii. 7. (naztτωσας, thou hast made) Thou wilt make him for a little while less than angels:' For this was spoken long before the Son of God was made man. Heb. iii. 14. (napi, we have been made) We shall be made partakers of Christ, if we hold,' &c. Wherefore, Heb. xii. 22. axxa #gcoinruder may be translated, But ye shall come unto mount Sion, and unto the city of the living God, the heavenly Jerusalem.' 11. The aorist tenses sometimes denote the past action or state continued to the present time; and therefore they are rightly translated in the present tense.-Mark i. 11. Thou art my beloved Son, ( fixno) in whom I am well pleased; that is, have always been well pleased, am at present well pleased, and will continue to be well pleased. Mark xvi. 13. Was taken up into heaven, ( ) and sat down (and continues to sit) at the right hand of God.' Matt. xxiii. 2. The Scribes and Pharisees (19) continue to sit in Moses's chair.' ་ The aorist is used sometimes for the preterperfect tense; that is, it denotes an action completed some time ago.Matt. xiv. 3. Now Herod (gas) having laid hold on John (r) had bound him.' John xviii. 24. Now Annas (a) had sent him bound to Caiaphas.' John xi. 2. (a) who anointed,' i. e. who had formerly anointed. Blackwall, Sac. Cl. vol. ii. page 228. observes that the first and second aorists in the potential and subjunctive modes (which are futures too) are often, in sacred and common writers, equivalent to the future of the indicative. Thus ar is used in the sense of agr. Mark ii. 20. The days will come (izv ara) when the bridegroom shall be taken away from them. See also Luke v. 35. John xvi. 8. (av deg) But if I shall go, I will send him to you.' 12. The present tense is sometimes put for the preterite.-Acts ix. 36. They were all afraid of him, pot believing (5, that he is) that he was a disciple.' Philip. i. 30. Having the same conflict (dera, which ye sec) which ye saw in me, and now hear to be in me.'* Heb. viii. 3. (s, he remaineth) He remained a priest in all his life.' Ver. 8. One testified of (¿T », that he liveth) that he lived,' namely, a priest all his life. The present tense is often put for the future, to show that the thing spoken of shall as certainly happen, as if it were already present. Matt. iii. 10. Every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit (Tera, is cut down) shall be cut down.' Mark ix. 31. The Son of Man (Tagadidora, is delivered) shall be delivered into the hands of men.' 1 Cor. xv. 2. By which also (rwi, ye are saved) ye shall be saved.' Ver. 12. How say some among you ( s 5, that there is) that there shall be no resurrection of the dead?' James v. 3. And (178721, eateth) shall eat your flesh." 2 Pet. iii. 11. Seeing all these things (evov, are dissolved) shall be dissolved." Ver. 12. And the elements (Tera, are melted) shall be melted.'* The present tense is sometimes put for the imperfect. Gal. ii. 14. Seeing that (xx ogrods, they do not walk) they did not walk uprightly.' On the other hand, the imperfect of the indicative is put for the present. John i. 15. (r, this was) This is he of whom I spake.' 13. The future of the indicative is often, in the writings of the Hebrews, used for the most forcible imperative. See the decalogue.-1 Cor. v. 13. Therefore (EgUTE, ye shall put away) put away from among yourselves that wicked person.* 1 Tim. vi. 8. (agunaμd, we will be content) 'Let us be content.' The future of the indicative is sometimes used for the present and imperfect of the subjunctive.—Matt. xii. 31. All manner of sin and blasphemy (apra, shall be forgiven) may be forgiven.' Luke vi. 7. ( ORATUσ, whether he will heal) Whether he would heal on the Sabbath.' The participles of the present, and of the imperfect tenses, are sometimes used for the preterite. John iii. 13. No man hath ascended into heaven, but the Son of Man (w, who is) who was in heaven.' Participles, Nouns, Pronouns, Articles. or although, must be joined to them. Thus, 1 Cor. ix. Supply the same word in the translation of the following passages, and it will throw great light on them.-Luke x. 32. 'Likewise a Levite (OS XXX TV Tech, v nas av avizag) being near the place, though he came and saw, passed by on the other side.' Rom. i. 21. Because (T; v) though they knew God, they did not glorify him.' 1 Tim. iii. 14. These things I write to thee, (i) though I hope to come to thee soon.' 14. NUMBER and PERSON of the verb. The sacred writers, to render their discourse more emphatical, or more general, sometimes change the number and person of the verb.-Gal. vi. 1. Ye who are spiritual ought to restore The Greek participles, by means of the verb unsuch an one in the spirit of meekness (σ UTV), derstood, are used for any part of the verb of which considering thyself.' 1 Tim. ii. 15. She shall be saved they are the participles. Thus, Roin. v. 11. Axxa na through child-bearing (2), if they live in faith,' xμer, But we boast in God.'* Rom. xii. 16. &c. By this change of the number and person, we are Το αυτό εις αλληλες φρονάντες, Be of the same mind one directed to consider Eve as the representative of the whole towards another.'* Philip. iii. 4. KUTTE 900 x sex:-She and all her daughters shall be saved, if they Though I might also have confidence.'* 1 Tim. v. live in faith, &c. 13. Αμα δε και αργα μανθάνεσιν περιεχομεναι τας οικίας, 'At the same time being also idle, they learn to wander about.' This is the Vulgate translation. Col. ii. 12. Zurrapares, Ye are buried with him.' 1 Pet. ii. 18. 'Servants (μ) be subject to your masters." 1 Pet. iii. 7. In like manner, ye husbands (curuixartes) dwell with them." In other instances, the substantive verb is expressed: Eph. v. 5. T&T gag 858, JIVANTHINTES, For this ye know.'* See also Heb. ii. 13. Our translators, however, forgetting this use of the Greek participles, have, in many other instances, translated them literally, and established a connexion in the discourse, which mars the sense, and renders the apostle's language perfectly ungrammatical. Participles are sometimes put for the correspondent substantive nouns.-Herod. L. I. init. To Bin TI Magny (for To Be), To the emperor Marcus were born several daughters.' Matt. iv. 3. And when ( Tuga) the tempter came.' Luke ii. 2. This was the first enrolment (ήγεμονεύοντος της Συρίας Κυρηνικ) of Cyrenius, governor of Syria;' that is, who was afterwards governor of Syria. 1 Tim. vi. 15. The King (TWV B2 15. PARTICIPLES.-The English participles generally have a casual signification; that is, they express a reason for something which goes before, or which follows in the discourse. Thus, Rom. vi. 8. We believe that we shall also live with him. 9. Knowing that Christ being raised (that is, because we know that Christ being raised) dieth no more.' But as the Greek participles are often used, when no reason is expressed, in such cases, if they are translated by the corresponding English participles, the idea of a connexion, which does not exist in the text, will be conveyed. Of this, see examples in the common version, Rom. vi. 5, 6; 2 Cor. x. 5, 6; Eph. v. 10; Col. i. 10. In such cases, it is better to translate the participles by the parts of the verb for which they are used. For example, Rom. vi. 5, 6. is thus rendered by our translators: For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection. 6. Knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin.' But these ) of kings, and the Lord (Tv xuberar) of verses ought to be translated unconnectedly in the following manner: 5. For seeing we have been planted to gether in the likeness of his death, (aa) certainly we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection. 6. Ye know this also, that our old man is crucified together with him,' &c. In like manner, 2 Cor. x. 4. is thus rendered: For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty, through God, to the pulling down of strong holds. 5. Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ. 6. And having in readiness to revenge,' &c. But the following is a more just translation: 5. 'We overthrow reasonings, and every high thing raised up against the knowledge of Christ, and lead captive every thought to the obedience of Christ. 6. And have in readiness to punish,' &c. See also Ephes. v. 19, 20, 21. 16. The Greek participles have an adversative sense, and therefore, to translate them properly, the word though, lords.'* Heb. xiii. 7. Remember ( for ins) 17. SUBSTANTIVE NOUNS.-The sacred writers some- |