General Graphic Arts

(Grades 9-12, Level III)

Numerous opportunities are offered for correlating graphic arts experiences with work in other courses. Some type of correlation is helpful to both study As an example, language arts and art activities capitalize on graphic arts interest.

areas.

General graphic arts courses utilize the broad field approach to curriculum development, including experiences in a variety of reproduction processes. This includes letterpress printing, offset printing, silk screen printing, spirit duplicating, bookbinding, photography, and similar processes using lightsensitive materials.

If courses beyond the general course are taught, they should be entitled advanced industrial arts.

Processes (for 36-week course): Study the origin and development of the graphic arts industries. Report on and discuss the scientific developments which have affected present day practices. Study the principles of graphic design and make layouts of each type of process to be done. Learn to recognize and discuss intelligently graphic arts products made by the processes studied.

Do letterpress printing-set type, make proofs, lockup forms, and operate handpress. Do offset printing-make plates by direct image and photographic processes; set up and operate offset machine.

Do silk screen printing-prepare stencil, mix colors, make duplicate prints, clean and care for equipment. Do linoleum block printing-cut and carve linoleum blocks, print the cut, clean and care for equipment.

Do photographic reproductions. Select camera, lens, and film; prepare subject, adjust camera, and lights, compose pictures; make exposures; develop film; make contact prints and enlargements; make multiple reproductions. Make reproductions by direct exposure of sensitized materials, blueprint, ozalid, blackline. Bind printed materials. Assemble single sheets and sections, trim the body, prepare the case, assemble case and body.

Related study topics: Influence of graphic arts upon present and past cultures. Materials and terminology used in graphic arts industries . . . Outstanding contributions to the growth and development of the graphic arts industries. . . Job opportunities . . . Safety practices . . . Principles of graphic reproductions. . . Caring for equipment.

VIRGINIA

Virginia industrial arts courses are offered at four levels. Level I, grade 8; Level II, grade 9; Level III, grade 10; and Level IV, grades 11 and 12.

In Level I, grade 8, three plans of organization are recommended depending on the number of weeks industrial arts is offered in the eighth grade. For example, industrial arts can be offered for 9, 12, or 18 weeks. The 18-week plan provides a selection of four subject areas, such as (1) metalwork; (2) woodwork; (3) choice of drawing, electricity, plastics, leatherwork, ceramics, graphic arts, textiles, and

sketching; and (4) choice of the same as in number (3) with the exception of ceramics. The 12-week plan provides a selection of three areas, such as (1) metalwork; (2) woodwork; and (3) a choice of either drawing, electricity, plastics, leather, ceramics, graphic arts, textiles, and home mechanics. The 9-week plan has a selection of two areas, such as (1) metalwork and (2) woodwork. Students are rotated through all areas with approximately the same time in each area. In the ninth grade industrial arts is elective and four areas are selected from the eighth-grade program for 36 weeks for 5 periods per week. A selection of one of the following elective subjects which constitutes a year's course (36 weeks), such as, general auto-mechanics, general metals, general woods, general drawing, general electricity, general graphic arts, general power mechanics, and general home mechanics is provided at the tenth-grade level. The time allotment is 5 periods per week.

The 10th- and 12th-grade courses are elective and concerned with a specific unit-type activity, such as, architectural drawing, automechanics, cabinetmaking, carpentry, electricity, machine shop, sheet metal, printing, radio, and welding. These courses are called advanced shop I and II. In electricity and woodworking, a beginning course can be offered for 18 weeks and an advanced course from 36 to 54 weeks.

It is permissible to combine the 10th- and 11th-, or 11th- and 12thgrade students in order to make a reasonable sized class. This means that a wider range of work must be planned. Double periods are recommended for these courses.

The instructional content in Virginia is organized under four columns entitled: (1) Manipulative operation, (2) Related information, (3) Suggested references, and (4) Suggested projects. A discussion dealing with the importance of woodworking in our industrial society and a list of objectives precede the instructional content suggested in the Virginia guide on woodworking.14

The Manipulative operation column has items, such as (1) How to read a working drawing, (2) How to measure with the rule, and (3) How to lay out stock, etc. The Related information column has content suggestions under the following headings: Technical information, Guidance information, and General information. Specific statements regarding content are given under these headings. For example, under "Technical information" are, Simple pictorial drawing, and Simple orthographic projection; the related information topics pertain to those statements given under the Manipulative operation column.

14 Course Outline for Woodworking, p. 15–19.

Figure 7.-Using a hand plane to smooth a wooden base for a project.

Under the column heading of Suggested references, several pertinent references are listed. The column Suggested projects contains many ideas for projects.

Part B Main Elements

In determining the main elements which make up the curriculum guides, an analysis was made of the table of contents in each of the 39 guides. The different divisions, chapters, and/or main headings listed in the table of contents provided the data for determining their fundamental features, or main elements which make up the guides. A tabulation of this analysis appears on page 63.