The civilian school classes are predominantly at the college level. Courses at least partially meet college residence requirements for graduation. Night classes provided by civilian schools are available. both in the continental United States and in oversea areas. American universities, using members of their staffs as teachers, provide night classes on military installations in all oversea areas where troops are stationed.

The Armed Forces encourage and support military personnel to attend the group study and civilian school classes by providing advisory services, classroom facilities when the classes meet on the military installations, and financial assistance. Each military service is authorized to pay 75 percent of tuition costs, not to exceed $7.50 each semester hour, for off-duty courses taken under the supervision and direction of accredited civilian schools.

AIR FORCE EDUCATION SERVICES PROGRAM

The Department of the Air Force is cognizant of the fact that modern military techniques and equipment are dynamic, increasingly complex, and require personnel who can think and act with maturity and expertness. Through the Education Services Program a substantial effort is made within fiscal and manpower limitations to provide opportunities for: (1) All personnel to raise their educational levels and develop their potential in skills and abilities essential for the support and operation of the modern weapons systems; (2) all personnel to meet the desired Air Force goals for requirements of a college degree for every officer and a high school diploma or its equivalent for every airman; (3) selected personnel to meet the prerequisites for highly specialized programs at both the undergraduate and graduate levels; (4) selected personnel to obtain degrees in science, engineering, and other specialized fields where shortages exist.

Individuals in the Air Force can increase their academic and vocational education through any, or by a combination, of the following programs of study: (1) Correspondence courses offered by the United States Armed Forces Institute (USAFI); (2) correspondence courses offered by civilian colleges and universities through USAFI; (3) correspondence courses offered by the United States Air Force Extension Course Institute (ECI); (4) group study classes conducted at night on Air Force installations by qualified civilian or military instructors employed by the Air Force, and normally using texts, materials, and tests supplied by USAFI or ECI, and (5) civilian school classes which are offered at night by accredited high schools or colleges on or near Air Force bases.

The Air Force encourages and assists personnel to continue their academic education both at the high school and the college level by

paying a part of the tuition cost of attending civilian school courses during off-duty time. In addition, Air Force personnel who can complete residence and academic requirements for a college degree in a period of 6 months or less may be placed on temporary duty to attend the accredited college or university of their choice.

Air Force funds and enrollments for military personnel participating in educational programs while off duty are reported in tables 77 and 78. Amounts reported in table 77 are in addition to the expenditures listed in table 76.

Table 78.-AVERAGE NUMBER OF ENROLLMENTS BY MILITARY PERSONNEL PARTICIPATING IN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS WHILE OFF DUTY:

The Army provides its military personnel the facilities, incentives, and guidance for resuming and continuing their general education in courses similar to those offered in accredited civilian schools. Except during basic combat and individual training, the use of duty time for general educational development is authorized. Activities of general educational development are conducted in and through Army educational centers of units and installations. The services of professional civilian educators are available at each center. Civilian education advisers are full-time employees of the Department of the Army.

Materials and services available to all Army personnel include the following: (1) Correspondence courses offered through USAFI and civilian colleges and universities under contract with the Department of Defense; (2) group study classes taught by military and civilian instructors employed directly by the Army; (3) classes made available, either on or off post, by accredited high schools and colleges and taught by regular faculty members and for which the Army pays a

substantial portion of the tuition; (4) tests of general educational development, achievement tests, and subject examinations; and (5) educational and vocational advisement.

Educational services conducted through the General Educational Development Program are of two types: (1) Functional, not leading to academic credit, and (2) formal, leading to academic credit. Functional education comprises civilian-type curriculums, courses, or subject-matter instruction conducted specifically to serve an immediate Army or individual service-related need. In character, scope, method, and time phasing, functional education is adult education for which no civilian credit or equivalency at any formal level is sought.

For the second type, formal education, in-service achievements of military personnel may be considered for appropriate credit in civilian schools under recommendations made by the Commission on Accreditation of the American Council on Education. High school work is emphasized for personnel capable of establishing, through courses and tests of general educational development, an acceptable basis for higher formal studies. Courses eventually leading to a baccalaureate degree at accredited colleges and universities are encouraged as affording an opportunity for all eligible personnel to raise their educational level, and are considered essential within the full career assignment of commissioned officers.

Army funds and enrollments for military personnel participating in educational programs while off duty are reported in tables 77 and 78. Amounts reported in table 77 are in addition to the expenditures listed in table 76.

COAST GUARD'S OFF-DUTY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

Coast Guard officers and enlisted personnel may pursue studies in off-duty time at Coast Guard expense either by classroom attendance or by correspondence with civilian institutions. This includes. courses at colleges, universities, and other educational institutions which offer either correspondence or night school courses. Application for these courses is made by individual request through appropriate service channels to Coast Guard headquarters. Approval of requests for enrollment in these courses at Coast Guard expense is generally based on the need for the course in the applicant's performance of duties or the need to fulfill a requirement for advancement in rating. General educational subjects are often authorized as being of value to the service as well as the individual.

Coast Guard funds and enrollments for military personnel participating in educational programs while off duty are reported in tables

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77 and 78. Amounts of expenditures for these Coast Guard Off-Duty Educational Programs reported in table 77 are in addition to the expenditures listed in table 76.

MARINE CORPS' OFF-DUTY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

In addition to participation in the USAFI program the Marine Corps has established the Tuition Assistance and Instructor Hire Program. This program is designed to provide an opportunity for marines during their off-duty time to participate in educational courses provided by accredited civilian high schools and colleges.

Marine Corps commands located within commuting distance of an accredited institution are authorized to pay a portion of the individual's tuition costs. Commands located in areas not within commuting distances of accredited educational institutions are authorized to pay the accredited institutions a portion of the instructors' salaries for conducting classes at the military installations. The instructor-hire phase of the program was started in July 1954. Marine Corps funds and enrollments for military personnel participating in educational programs while off duty are reported in tables 77 and 78.

NAVY'S OFF-DUTY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

The objectives of the Navy's voluntary off-duty educational program are to help each member of the Navy to (1) increase his capacity to assimilate training and perform his present job better; (2) prepare for career advancement; (3) continue educational programs begun prior to military service; and (4) prepare him for a civilian job when he leaves the service. There is an Information and Education Officer on every ship and at every permanent Naval establishment whose assigned duty is to provide the educational services that will help accomplish these objectives. At the larger shore installations, particularly those in a position to serve shipboard personnel, there are active and effective Education Centers.

Services offered include educational counseling; elementary, high school, vocational, and college courses and tests; and academic accreditation services. Courses are made available through (1) arrangements for class attendance at local schools and colleges; (2) on-station classes offered by extension from local schools and colleges; (3) on-ship or station classes taught by uniformed personnel and civilians hired from special funds; and (4) correspondence courses provided by and through USAFI.

Data concerning expenditures and enrollments for Navy off-duty education are reported in tables 77 and 78 and apply only to those programs under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Naval Personnel

and the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. Other Navy bureaus and offices expend funds for off-duty educational programs, but information on the extent of these programs and the amounts expended are not available. Programs administered by the Bureau of Naval Personnel and the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, however, represent the bulk of such expenditures by the Navy.

EDUCATION FOR CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES

In addition to the military personnel, the Department of Defense employs a large number of civilians. Many of these employees have professional preparation or a high level of technical training, but it is apparent that additional study in their fields or specialization may help to maintain high efficiency. It is the policy of the Department to encourage the advancement of competent employees by giving assistance depending upon the relationship of courses of study to their work.

For this purpose the Department has two programs for the further preparation of civilian employees. One is for the advanced training of employed persons already highly trained in their specialties, and the other is to encourage promising and talented young students to continue their college work and accept current Federal employment. Both of these programs are discussed in the following paragraphs.

ADVANCED EDUCATION FOR SPECIALISTS

Many of the well-educated professional people serving the Department of Defense as civilian employees require additional training related to their work in order to improve job performance and to keep abreast of the changes that are taking place in their fields of work. Usually, this training is given at the place of employment and it is short and specialized. However, it may be supplemented, where it is considered appropriate, through assignment to classes at colleges and other educational institutions. Specially qualified personnel in the scientific and engineering fields are sometimes authorized to take full-time advanced study which may extend up to 1 year.

Defense Department civilian employees are encouraged to engage in self-improvement training activities by attending extension courses offered at the Department by local universities after hours, or during a combination of work and after-work hours. The cost is paid either by the student, Department, or in part by the student and part by the Department, depending on the degree of the relationship to the employee's work and the nature of the program.