least 4 years after completion of the course of instruction. All expenses of the program are paid by the Government.

Almost all participants in the civilian educational institution part of the program pursue graduate study. Thus far over 90 percent of the officers enrolled have earned graduate degrees. More than 700 persons were enrolled in this program in courses of 20 weeks' or more duration at civilian educational institutions in March 1960. About 3,900 officers had completed graduate training under this program by that date. Funds expended for this program for officers are included in column 7 of table 76.

Programs for enlisted men.-In addition to the training for officers, there is also offered an enlisted men's training program which was. inaugurated in March 1958. Applicants must qualify on the basis of several important requirements. A person selected for the program obligates himself for 2 years of active military service for each year of education received. Education terms may be for 1 or 2 years after which the active military service obligation must be discharged. Upon completion of the service requirements the individual may again request consideration for an additional 1 or 2 years' college education. By March 1960, 308 persons had entered the program. As of that date, 279 were enrolled in 77 different civilian colleges and universities. Funds expended for this program for enlisted men are. reported in column 7 of table 76.

NAVY PROGRAMS AT CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS

Programs for the further education of Navy personnel at civilian institutions include the following four kinds: (1) Officer candidate training, (2) postgraduate study, (3) officer undergraduate education, and (4) scientific undergraduate education for enlisted men. All of these programs are directed to the development of new competencies among Navy military personnel and provide a resource for trained and experienced officers and officer candidates. Each of the programs identified is further discussed in the following paragraphs. Funds expended for these programs during a 10-year period are included in columns 6 and 7 of table 76.

Navy Regular ROTC Program. This program was started in 1946 to provide career officers for the regular Navy. The word "regular" is used to signify that this program is not for "reserve" officers. It provides not more than 4 years of education at any 1 of the 53 colleges or universities having a Navy ROTC unit. Participants may pursue a baccalaureate or higher degree in any except a small number of fields of study. The Navy pays tuition, cost of textbooks, and other fees of an instructional nature plus a retainer of $50 per month. Upon graduation, participants are commissioned in the Navy or Marine

Corps and are required to serve on active duty for at least 4 years. About 1,000 civilians and 200 enlisted personnel are selected by competitive scholarship procedures for enrollment in this program each

year.

Navy postgraduate program.-Education in technical, professional, and special subjects is provided according to the specific needs of the Navy. The program conducted by the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School with headquarters at Monterey, Calif., consists of an engineering school, a general line and naval science school, and a management school. It is authorized by law to confer bachelors, masters, and doctors degrees in engineering and related subjects.

The engineering school program is conducted at the Navy facility in Monterey as well as in civilian colleges throughout the country, with some of the curriculums being given in entirety at the school while others provide for terminal studies at the civilian institutions after a year or two at Monterey. All educational expenses are paid by the Navy. Each participant is obligated to serve on active duty for a year for each half year or fraction thereof of education received. Enrollments in civilian colleges amounted to about 225 during 1959–60. Enrollments for this same year in the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School at Monterey totaled slightly more than 900.

Officer undergraduate educational programs.-The Navy conducts two undergraduate training programs for officer personnel at civilian institutions. One consists of a 5-term program under which eligible officers may earn a baccalaureate degree providing it can be done. within a maximum of 5 semesters. The Navy pays all educational expenses during the period of study. Officers may select any major field of study except predental, prepharmacy, premedical, pretheology, law, music, or art.

The second program provides 2 years of college training for selected naval aviation cadets who were high school graduates. After completing at least 1 year of sea duty the cadets receive their final 2 years of college training.

Slightly less than 300 persons participated in these officer undergraduate programs during 1959–60.

Navy enlisted scientific educational program. This program established in 1956 helps meet the problems and complexities of modern warfare. Men are selected from the enlisted ranks for a 4-year college education to prepare them for engineering duty in connection with advanced fire control systems, digital computers, and advanced armament including nuclear weapons. Graduates receive commissions in the regular Navy. The program was expanded in 1958 to educate selected persons in the general fields of science and engineering. About 480 persons were enrolled in the program during 1959-60.

PROGRAMS FOR MEDICAL OFFICERS AT CIVILIAN INSTITUTIONS

The Air Force, Army, and Navy provide special educational programs for medical and dental officers, medical service corps officers, nurse corps officers, etc. Training includes a variety of long and short courses given at civilian institutions as well as in military hospitals and other facilities. Some of the longer courses at the graduate level range from 6 months to several years. This program for medical and allied specialists usually requires additional obligated service upon completion of the courses. Funds expended at civilian institutions for these programs are also included in column 7 of table 76.

EDUCATION FOR OFF-DUTY PERSONNEL

The Armed Forces provide educational opportunities for military personnel on active duty to continue their formal academic education regardless of the current educational level or physical location of the individual who enrolls. In order to make this possible, subject-matter materials ranging from elementary school through graduate college levels are provided both through correspondence courses and through actual classroom presentation. Not only are these varied educational opportunities made available, but the Armed Forces encourage participation by payment of a substantial portion of the costs, thereby reducing the expense to the individual. Participation is voluntary and normally occurs during off-duty hours.

Off-duty educational programs for military personnel are provided to assist the individual to: (1) Perform his service job more efficiently; (2) prepare himself for more responsible service jobs and increase his chances for promotion; (3) maintain continuity in the academic or vocational training which he began before entering the service; and (4) increase his value in the civilian manpower pool when he is separated from the Armed Forces.

In order to insure that the voluntary off-duty educational programs develop and operate on a high educational standard acceptable to civilian educational authorities, the Department of Defense consults with the Defense Advisory Committee on Education in the Armed Forces. This committee, composed of 14 eminent civilian educators and 7 military representatives, provides professional advice on the operation of the Armed Forces educational program. A second group of civilian educators who deal specifically with the Armed Forces educational program is the Commission on Accreditation of Service Experiences of the American Council on Education. The commission, composed of 12 civilian educators, establishes policies for evaluation of educational offerings and other military experiences

in terms of academic credits. Acceptance or rejection of the recommendations is the prerogative of the Armed Forces school concerned. Off-duty education, as described here, pertains only to education of an academic nature which military personnel pursue during their off-duty hours. Correspondence courses in academic subjects are provided for military personnel by and through the United States Armed Forces Institute (USAFI). Classroom instruction is presented through group study classes organized and operated by the military and through civilian school classes provided by accredited high schools, colleges, and universities. The military services employ many civilian educational advisers and professional educators to operate the voluntary educational programs and to provide guidance for the military personnel at the local military establishment level.

UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES INSTITUTE

The United States Armed Forces Institute, generally referred to as USAFI, is the backbone of the Armed Forces voluntary educational program and operates exclusively to provide educational opportunities for military personnel on active duty. Chartered by the Secretary of Defense, USAFI is a field activity of the Office of Armed. Forces Information and Education. USAFI is coordinated from its location at Madison, Wis., and operates in five oversea locations to serve Armed Forces personnel in Europe, Japan, Alaska, Hawaii, and the Caribbean. Oversea USAFI's operate under the same policies and procedures as USAFI, Madison, although they are under the administrative control of the oversea commanders.

USAFI offers approximately 200 correspondence courses ranging from the elementary level through basic and introductory courses at the college level. An enrollment fee of $5 is charged for the individual's first enrollment in a correspondence course. Subsequent enrollments are free as long as the courses are completed. USAFI textbooks and testing materials are also widely used in group study classes conducted by the military services. Enrollment in these classes is normally without cost.

In addition to the regular USAFI correspondence courses, a number of colleges and universities throughout the United States cooperate with USAFI by providing correspondence courses under contract at low cost to service personnel. For these courses, the student pays. the cost of enrollment and the Government, through USAFI, pays the cost of lesson service.

An important service of USAFI is its testing program. This includes end-of-course tests, General Educational Development (GED) Tests, and USAFI Achievement Tests II and III. End-of-course tests measure the student's knowledge in a particular course. GED

Tests are available on two levels and are used to determine whether the student has attained the equivalent of a high school education or a high school education plus approximately 1 year of college work. USAFI Achievement Tests II and III measure over-all achievement from the fourth grade through the ninth grade and are used primarily for advisement purposes. Scores attained on the end-of-course tests and GED Tests are filed permanently at USAFI, Madison, and are reported to educational institutions and prospective employers at the request of the individual, the school, or the prospective employer. Funds expended by the USAFI are reported in column 3, table 77.

Table 77.-FEDERAL FUNDS EXPENDED FOR THE EDUCATION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL WHILE OFF DUTY: 1950-51 TO 1959-60

Total (9 years) $82, 929, 556 $26, 980, 127 $16, 919, 541 $37, 250, 7048164, 514 | $719, 445

5

6

7

8

$895, 225

ARMED FORCES CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION

Classroom opportunities available under the Armed Forces offduty educational program can be classified generally as either (1) group study classes or (2) civilian school classes.

Group study classes are usually held at night at the military installations and are organized to meet the specific local needs. If available, experienced civilian teachers are used and are paid by the military service concerned. If civilian instructors are not available, qualified military personnel teach the classes. There is normally no cost to the military personnel who enroll. USAFI textbooks and end-of-course tests are used in many group study classes. Classes are predominantly at high school level and many are in vocational subjects or foreign languages.

Civilian school classes are provided by accredited high schools, colleges, or universities and usually meet at night on military installations or in classrooms at nearby schools. Textbooks and tests are the same as those used in regular campus classes of the subjects taught.