a town like Lodz, the 'Russian Manchester,' with a population of half a million, has suffered, while the Russians still occupied it, a pogrom which lasted several days. The Jews of Poland are literally outlawed.

"But the military authorities have not confined themselves to such persecutions as those already mentioned, which are, so to speak, traditional; they have a new program, or rather one borrowed from the Middle Ages: the exile of entire Jewish populations from a large number of localities. To the sound of the drum the whole Jewish population of the district is assembled, and it is announced that, by an order of the military authorities, they must leave the town in twenty-four hours, sometimes even in three hours. Those who fail to do so are brought before a court-martial."

The appeal then gives details of the miseries suffered by the aged and sick on the march, which lasts sometimes for weeks, and a quotation from a St. Petersburg journal is given as follows: "About two o'clock in the afternoon all the road from Warsaw was covered with the Jewish population from Grodzisk. We were about 1,500, including 300 families of mobilized men; old and young, children and women, some pregnant and some recently confined, sick and infirm. About five or six o'clock we reached Bloue, eight miles from Grodzisk, but we were not allowed to enter the borough, and had to make a detour through a flooded field. We gathered some branches, and, covering them with our coats, carried the women and children as far as the roadway, and here we met some patrols, who demanded our passports. Night came on, cold and damp; the slippery mud retarded our footsteps, and we advanced painfully, insulted, and sometimes goaded, by the soldiers. Two women were confined, and yet another died on the way."

"That," continues the appeal, "is typical." As soon as the Jews leave their homes and shops, these are pillaged by the soldiers and marauders. More than 100,000 refugees are seeking asylum in Warsaw. Under the smallest pretext Jews are brought before a court-martial. "And what can be said of the violence of the Cossacks? To kill a Jew, or rob him, at least has become with them a sport, which entails no punishment.”

"Citizens of all civilized countries, can this sad recital of unprecedented persecutions, and of the frightful tragedy of a people numbering several millions (of whom 250,000 are fighting for the Russian nation), oppressed by the reactionary bureaucracy of its own country, can it draw from your hearts a cry of just indignation? Will the conscience of humanity find the necessary words to condemn for ever these shameful acts?"-(Translated from Humanité by L. J. S.)

NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS

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WAR AND CAPITALISM
(CONCLUSION)

BY PETER KROPOTKIN

INDUSTRIAL CRISES DUE TO ANTICIPATION OF WAR

The necessity for preparing, long beforehand, formidable quantities of war material and accumulations of stores of every description, brings about in all industries shocks and crises from which every one, and especially the working man, suffers to a terrible extent. This fact was to be observed quite recently in the United States.

Every one, no doubt, remembers the industrial crisis that devasted the United States some three or four years ago. In a measure, it is not over yet. Well, the origin of this crisis-whatever may have been said about it by "scientific" economists, who know the writings of their predecessors, but ignore real life-the true origin of this crisis lay in the excessive production of the chief industries of the States, carried on during several years in anticipation of a great European war and of a war between Japan and the United States. Those who spread the idea of these wars knew well the effect that the expectation of such conflicts would exercise in stimulating certain American industries. In fact, for two or three years a feverish energy reigned in extracting all sorts of metals and coal, and in the manufacture of railway plant and preserved articles of food, as well as all materials for clothing.

The extraction of iron ore and the manufacture of steel in the United States reached quite unexpected proportions during these years. Steel is the principal article of consumption in modern warfare, and the United States manufactured it in a fantastical way, as well as those metals, such as nickel and manganese, which are required in the manufacture of various kinds of steel used for war material. At the same time, the big American concerns vied with one another as to who would speculate the most in gun-metal, copper, lead, and nickel.

The same thing happened with supplies of corn, preserved meat, fish, and vegetables. Cottons, cloth, and

leather followed closely. And as each great industry gives rise to a number of smaller ones around it, the fever of a production far in excess of the demand spread more and more. Money-lenders, or rather credit-lenders, who supplied the manufacturers with capital, profited of course by this fever, even more so than the captains of industry.

Then, at a blow, production suddenly stopped, without it being possible to ascribe the fact to any one of the causes to which preceding crises had been attributed. The truth is, that from the day when the great European financial houses were sure that Japan, ruined by the war in Manchuria, would not dare to attack the United States, and that no European nation felt itself sufficient sure of victory to draw the sword, European capitalists refused to give credit either to those American bankers who kept up over-production, or to the Japanese "Nationalists."

The threat of an imminent war ceased. Steel factories, copper mines, blast furnaces, dockyards, tanneries, all suddenly slowed down their operations, their orders, their purchases.

It was worse than a crisis, it was a disaster. Millions of workers of both sexes were thrown on the street and left in the most abject misery. Great and small factories closed down. The contagion spread as during an epidemic, sowing terror around.

Who will ever tell of the sufferings of millions of men, women, and children, of broken lives during the crisis, while immense fortunes were being made in anticipation of mangled flesh and the piles of human corpses about to be heaped up in the great battles!

This is war; this is how the State enriches the rich, keeps the poor in misery, and year by year reduces them more and more to subjection.

Now, a crisis resulting from the same causes as the one in the United States will in all likelihood be produced in Europe, and especially in England.

Towards the middle of the year 1911 the world was astonished at the sudden and quite unforeseen increase in English exports. Nothing of consequence in the world of economics led us to expect it. No reason for it has

been given precisely, because the only possible explanation is that the orders came from the Continent in anticipation of a war between England and Germany. As we know, this war failed to break out in July, 1911; but if it had broken out, France, Russia, Austria, and Italy would have been compelled to participate in it. It is evident that great financiers, who supply speculators in metal, provisions, cloth, leather, etc., with their credit, had been warned of the threatening turn relations were taking between the two sea Powers. They knew that both Governments were pressing forward their preparations for war, so they hastened to give their orders, which increased English exports in 1911 beyond measure.*

* A few figures will make these economic shocks the more apparent. Between 1900 and 1904 the exports of British produce from the United Kingdom were normal, and fluctuated round about £300,000,000. In 1904 there was a rumor of a great war; the United States quickened her production, and English exports rose in three years from £300,000,000 to £426,000,000. But the war, so longed for, was not forthcoming, and there was a sudden decline of orders; the crisis we mentioned broke out in the United States, and exports of English produce fell to £327,000,000. In 1910, however, the anticipation of a great European war was about to be realized, and in 1910 and 1911 English exports rose to an absolutely unforeseen height which they had never approached before. Yet nobody could explain the fact. In 1911 the exports reached £454,000,000, and over £487,000,000 in 1912. Coal, steel, lead, fast vessels, cruisers, cartridges, cloth, linen, foot-fear, leather, preserved foods-everything was in demand and was exported in huge quantities. Fortunes were heaped up visibly. Men were about to massacre one another; what good luck!

To the same cause is also due the recent extraordinary rise in prices of all provisions without exception, at a time when neither the yield of last year's harvest nor the accumulation of all kinds of goods in warehouses justified the rise. The fact is also that the rise did not affect provisions only; all goods were influenced by it. Orders continued to pour in when no reason whatever, save the anticipation of war, could be brought forward for this excessive demand.

And now it would be sufficient that the great Colonial speculators of England and Germany agree about their share in the partition of Eastern Africa, and to act in concert as regards "the spheres of influence" in Asia and