SEC. 2. Authorization is hereby granted whereby any of the amounts prescribed in subparagraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), (6), or (7) of section 1(b) may, in the discretion of the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, be varied upward 5 per centum to meet unusual cost variations, but the total cost of all work authorized under such subparagraphs shall not exceed a total of $57,800,000.

SEC. 3. Any amount, not to exceed $5,000,000, of the funds appropriated for "Construction and equipment" pursuant to this Act, may be used to construct, expand, or modify laboratories and other installations, if found by the Administrator to be necessary because of changes in the national program of aeronautical and space activities or new scientific or engineering deveolpments and if the Administrator determines that deferral until the next authorization Act would be inconsistent with the interests of the Nation in aeronautical and space activities, and in connection therewith to acquire, construct, convert, rehabilitate, or install permanent or temporary public works, including land acquisition, site preparation, appurtenances, utilities, and equipment: Provided, That upon reaching a final decision to implement, the Administrator or his designee shall notify the Committee on Science and Astronautics of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences of the Senate of the cost of such construction, expansion, or modification including those real estate actions pertaining thereto : Provided further, That no such funds shall be used for such construction, expansion, or modification if authorization for such construction, expansion, or modification has been previously denied by the Congress; and additional appropriations are hereby authorized for purposes of this section in the amount of $5,000,000.

The CHAIRMAN. We are privileged this morning to have as our first witness, Dr. T. Keith Glennan, who, as you know, is in charge of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration as Administrator. We have had the pleasure of having Dr. Glennan before with us, and we are happy to have him this morning again.

The second witness will be Dr. Hugh L. Dryden. We know Dr. Dryden also very capably because of his appearances. Dr. Dryden, I am told, will have a film that will be classified. When we come to that point in the course of this testimony, we will have to clear the committee room for an executive session. Following that we will have Dr. Abe Silverstein, and he has a short presentation which also is classified, and also it will be necessary to remain in executive session.

Dr. Glennan, I think we have a copy of the statement which you have in mind this morning. If you would proceed with it, we would appre

ciate it.

STATEMENT OF DR. T. KEITH GLENNAN, ADMINISTRATOR, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

Dr. GLENNAN. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am particularly happy to hear you are going to devote a substantial number of hours to listening to the presentations which have been prepared. This is a very fastmoving, new field. I think it is very important that the Members of the Congress understand the ramifications of the kind of program we are laying out. It is an important one in the future of the Nation and we can't spend too much time in trying to have you understand these

matters.

I want to thank you for this opportunity to present NASA's $485,300,000 budget appropriation request for fiscal year 1960. This figure represents an increase of $101,226,468 over the amount available for fiscal year 1959, including supplemental appropriations now under consideration by the Congress.

We have available to assist you in your deliberations several responsible NASA officials who will present a program-by-program justification of our request for funds in the following three categories: $94,430,000 for salaries and expenses; $333,070,000 for research and development; $57,800,000 for construction and equipment.

But I would like the privilege of giving you a broad picture of the activities to be supported from the funds we seek.

As you know, this is the first full year budget for the NASA which the Congress and the administration are presenting to the American people.

It is my judgment and the judgment of the scientists and engineers who carry responsibilities for our program that this is a sound budget which will allow us to push our space program with maximum effectiveness.

The public has a right to know and, in many ways, a duty to attempt to understand how we justify the expenditure of millions of dollars probing the unknown.

Why are we exploring space? The answer is many sided:

The scientist seeks knowledge for its own sake, knowing that scientific progress has always benefited man in the long run.

The realist may be more concerned with the practical applications of space technology, the dollars and cents return on weather forecasting, on communications, and navigation satellites, for example.

Industrialists and economists are excited by the stimulus a new technology is bound to give our industrial complex; they envision whole new industries being born.

The military men see space in terms of defense applications.

Students of all ages and every country look at space as a previously unknown dimension of the universe being made capable of more understanding.

But there is still another and overriding reason for our program of space exploration. The National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 stipulates that "activities in space should be devoted to peaceful purposes for the benefit of all mankind," and that a civilian agency, NASA, should direct these activities.

We are engaged in a struggle for the minds and hearts of men everywhere. The issue is simply whether our system of free government and responsible civic freedom is superior to the system of totalitarian communism and forcible direction of the lives of its captive peoples.

I believe it is becoming increasingly obvious to the world that Russia's space activities are devoted, as are most of their activities as a nation, in large part to the furthering of communism's unswerving designs upon mankind. This is becoming evident in the secrecy which surrounds their failures, the propagandistic promotion of their successes, and their unwillingness to make full disclosure of their findings for the benefit of the scientific and world community.

By way of summary, we are planning to spend increasing amounts of money in space research because:

Our national security is vitally involved.

Undoubted economic benefits will accrue.

An increase in man's knowledge about the earth and the universe will come about.

And finally, we know that the Soviet Union is in this business and that their successes thus far have been impressive. I cannot believe that they will withdraw from a race in which they hold even a slight lead. Have we any choice, as leader of the free world, but to press forward with diligence on a well-planned program for the exploration of this new environment?

The late Robert H. Goddard, father of American rocketry, once

wrote:

My earliest recollection of a scientific experiment dates back to when I was 4 or 5 years old, in Roxbury, Mass. I had heard of electric sparks being produced by a person who scuffed along a carpet, and I had seen electricity produced by a Leclanche battery, so one day I obtained the zinc from one of these batteries and scuffed along the gravel walk. Next, I mounted a low fence and jumped. Then I repeated the experiment, scuffing over a longer distance, and endeavored to convince myself I had jumped higher.

My mother caught sight of this investigation and called out to me to be careful because it might work and I might go sailing away without being able to come back. After this warning I hid the zinc rod and never repeated the experiment.

Fortunately, this was but a single incident in his life, and did not serve to eradicate the spirit of scientific inquiry that led Goddard to his great concepts of rocketry and space travel.

We in the United States are strong on technology but all too weak in basic research. Part of the money we request is to be devoted directly or indirectly to basic research, to "refilling the reservoir of knowledge" to employ a trite phrase. There is no reason to doubt that from space research will come concepts every bit as exciting and as far reaching economically as atomic energy. But we have got to be willing to respect basic research and support it.

This is not to say that practical applications are not already on the horizon. More than 6 months have passed since NASA became officially operative, and it is now possible to bring the road ahead into sharper focus. I would like to talk briefly about the future-about

our objectives.

In this business it is very tempting to prognosticate, to engage in what we call blue sky talk. Without indulging in too much of that sort of thing, it is clear that long-range objectives make this business exciting both by reason of the new knowledge that is sure to be found about our universe and about man's place in it, and by the probable application of some of that knowledge to the solution of hitherto seemingly insoluble problems.

For more than a decade we have been probing the upper atmosphere with sounding rockets, to an altitude of about 150 miles, to learn what we could about its composition. Our new space vehicles now enable us to pursue these studies more effectively and in more detail. What we learn about our atmosphere will help prepare us for the more difficult study of atmospheric conditions on the planets.

During the next few years we will step up scientific investigations of the upper atmosphere and space with sounding rockets, Earth satellites, and space probes. These investigations will include measurements of particles and micrometeorites; the Great Radiation Belt; aurora and ionospheric characteristics; electric, magnetic, and gravitational fields; astronomical data, relativity checks, and biophysical experiments.

Finally, investigation of the solar atmosphere and its effects on our atmosphere and those of the other bodies in the solar system will be attempted with deep space probes. We will be making repeated measurements in order to obtain continuous picture of our space

environment.

Our Project Mercury is the first step toward space flights by man to the moon and the planets. This is one of our most challenging objectives-manned space flight. Before the first American steps onto the moon, however, or even rides out into space for any very great distance, we will have to deal with the following problems:

The deadly radiation discovered by the U.S. Explorer satellites and Pioneer space probes.

Man's ability to withstand long periods of loneliness and strain while subjected to the strange environment of weightlessness.

Atmospheric reentry and safe landing.

Man's behavior and reactions in space flight will be carefully studied. Such studies should greatly increase our knowledge of man himself.

In the next decade we hope to be sampling physical quantities in the vicinity of the planets. Soft landings of instrumented payloads will be attempted on the Moon, Mars, and Venus to determine surface and atmospheric properties of these bodies and whether some form of life exists there.

We are already studying space rendezvous techniques against the time when space laboratories will become a reality.

As you know, the foreseeable practical applications fall into the fields of meteorology, communications, geodetics, and navigation.

Although it would be wrong to believe that weather satellites will solve all the mysteries of the winds and tides, they will greatly expand the scope and improve the accuracy of weather forecasting. It seems probable that a weather satellite system providing 24-hour-a-day worldwide coverage will become a reality in the years ahead. These satellites would employ radiation detection equipment, including television, infrared detectors, and radar to measure temperature, wind direction, cloud cover, storm location, precipitation, heat balance, and water vapor.

Our Vanguard II satellite recently gave us the first real glimpse into this area of activity. Our 1960 budget request contains funds for further development of weather satellite systems.

I think we can all appreciate what this will mean in terms of protection of life and property from hurricanes, typhoons, and other

storms.

The potentialities of communications are equally interesting to contemplate. Long-range communication by telephone, telegraph, and television is now carried by landlines, cables, and long and short wave radio and microwave stations. The total bandwidth of land lines, cables and low frequency radio is limited. Atmospheric interference and ionospheric irregularity render short wave radio bands unreliable. Ultrashortwave and microwave radio is usually limited to line-of-sight range; long-distance communication at these frequencies is commonly achieved by means of repeater stations.

Day by day it is becoming increasingly evident that our communications capabilities--both civilian and military—will soon fail to meet

increasing demands by a large margin. I am told that the transatlantic cable, with 36 voice channels, will be swamped by 1962. It is forecast that there will be a sevenfold increase in message units between 1960 and 1970. A single television channel is the equivalent of 1,000 voice channels. Here is a problem a real significance.

Satellites should make possible worldwide communications of ultrashortwave or microwave radio because the line-of-sight range at satellite altitudes is very great. The bandwidth or channel capabilities at these wavelengths are sufficient for television and most other foreseeable communications needs. This, then, is a prime objective-to develop the basic information and technology necessary to permit the building of a satellite-based communications system at an early date.

As Goodard once said:

It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow.

Mr. Chairman, our agency is proud to have the responsibility for the exploration and exploitation of space for the benefit of mankind. While we must recognize and concede the importance of possible use of space to accomplish military missions and objectives, the longrun objective of this Nation-indeed its primary objective-is peace. We in NASA have the responsibility for making a real contribution toward that objective as we raise men's eyes toward these new horizons. To discharge that responsibility, we need the funds for which we have asked. I urge upon you prompt and favorable action on this budget request.

The CHAIRMAN. Thank you very much, Dr. Glennan, for a very fine, imaginative, and yet realistic statement. I might say this-and I say this for the committee-later on we will take up the bill, item by item, and we will have witnesses to support each item.

At this time I would suggest to the members of the committee that we ask Dr. Glennan any general questions and policy questions, which may be in the minds of the members of the committee, and at a later date we will get into the technical points of the bill itself.

I want to say this, I am glad we have our colleague, Mr. Miller, back this morning, because I have been hearing about his difficulties on his flight west to see one of the Discoverer launchings. We are lucky to have you back, Mr. Miller. Do you have any comments to make or any questions to ask?

Mr. MILLER. Other than this, I am a firm believer that we should have more and bigger and better emergency landing fields throughout the country. When you land in a cornfield at 7 o'clock at night with one motor burned out windmilling, and a second motor on the same side having to be stopped, you come to the conclusion that there aren't enough emergency landing fields, and they are not well paved.

I do want to compliment, though, the crew of American flight 707 that we were on for the way in which they handled the matter, and thank God that they got the plane stopped where they did, because about 150 feet out in front of us was a swale that went down about 20 feet. If we had overrun that I guess we would have been on our nose. I am sure that Mr. Godel-he is not here of course-and Mr. Minnich of the White House staff and some of the others echo what I have to say for the other 57 members on the plane.