Each government is to accord diplomatic status to the commissioner and certain other officers of the section of the other government.

The treaty (art. 10) allots to Mexico from the waters of the Colorado River:

(a) A guaranteed annual quantity of 1,500,000 acre-feet to be delivered in accordance with certain conditions and specifications as to point and rate.

(b) Any other quantities arriving at the Mexican points of diversion, with the understanding that in any year in which, as determined by the United States section, there exists a surplus of waters of the Colorado River in excess of the amount necessary to supply users in the United States and the guaranteed quantity of 1,500,000 acre-feet annually to Mexico, the United States undertakes to deliver to Mexico additional waters of the Colorado River system to provide a total quantity not to exceed 1,700,000 acre-feet a year. Mexico shall acquire no right by use of the waters of the Colorado River system for any purpose whatsoever, in excess of 1,500,000 acre-feet annually.

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In the event of extraordinary drought or serious accident to the irrigation system in the United States, thereby making it difficult for the United States to deliver the guaranteed quantity of 1,500,000 acre-feet a year, the water allotted to Mexico under subparagraph (a) of this article will be reduced in the same proportion as consumptive uses in the United States are reduced.

The water of the Colorado River to be furnished Mexico by the United States under the treaty (art. 11) "shall be made up of the waters of the said river, whatever their origin," and shall be delivered by the United States in the boundary portion of the Colorado River, except that until 1980 Mexico may receive 500,000 acre-feet annually, and after that year 375,000 acre-feet annually through the All-American canal as part of the guaranteed quantity.

Other provisions (art. 12) of the treaty provide that the two governments agree to construct the following works:

Mexico shall construct at its expense, within a period of 5 years from the date of the entry into force of this treaty, a main diversion structure below the point where the northernmost part of the international land boundary line intersects the Colorado River. The Commission shall thereafter maintain and operate the structure at the expense of Mexico. Regardless of where such diversion structure is located, there shall simultaneously be constructed such levees, interior drainage facilities, and other works, or improvements to existing works, as in the opinion of the commission shall be necessary to protect lands within the United States against damage from such floods and seepage as might result from the construction, operation, and maintenance of this diversion structure. These protective works shall be constructed, operated, and maintained at the expense of Mexico by the respective sections of the commission, or under their supervision, each within the territory of its own country.

The United States, within a period of 5 years from the date of the entry into force of this treaty, shall construct in its own territory and at its expense, and hereafter operate and maintain at its expense, the Davis storage dam and reservoir, a part of the capacity of which shall be used to make possible the regulation at the boundary of the waters to be delivered to Mexico in accordance with the provisions of article 15 of this treaty

and

shall construct or acquire in its own territory the works that may be necessary to convey a part of the waters of the Colorado River allotted to Mexico to the Mexican diversion points on the international land boundary line referred to in this treaty. Among these works shall be included: the canal and other works necessary to convey water from the lower end of the Pilot Knob Wasteway to the international boundary, and, should Mexico request it, a canal to connect the main diversion structure

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with the Mex

ican system of canals * * Such works shall be constructed or acquired and operated and maintained by the United States section at the expense of Mexico. Mexico shall also pay the costs of any sites or rights-of-way required for such works.

The Commission shall construct, operate, and maintain in the limitrophe section of the Colorado River, and each section shall construct, operate, and maintain in the territory of its own country on the Colorado River below Imperial Dam and on all other carrying facilities used for the delivery of water to Mexico, all necessary gaging stations and other measuring devices for the purpose keeping a complete record of the waters delivered to Mexico and of the flows of the river. All data obtained as to such deliveries and flows shall be periodically compiled and exchanged between the two sections.

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Another provision (art. 13) of the treaty directs that: The commission shall study, investigate, and prepare plans for flood control on the lower Colorado River between Imperial Dam and the Gulf of California, in both the United States and Mexico The two Governments agree to construct through their respective sections of the commission, such works as may be recommended by the commission and approved by the two governments, each government to pay the costs of the works constructed by it. The commission shall likewise recommend the parts of the works to be operated and maintained jointly by the commission and the parts to be operated and maintained by each section. The two governments agree to pay in equal shares the cost of joint operation and maintenance and each government agrees to pay the cost of operation and maintenance of the works assigned to it for such purpose.

The protocol, which is an integral part of the treaty as ratified, provides that:

Wherever

specific functions are imposed on, or exclusive jurisdiction is vested in, either of the sections of the International Boundary and Water Commission, which involve the construction or use of works for storage or conveyance of water, flood control, stream gauging, or for any other purpose, which are situated wholly within the territory of the country of that section, and which are to be used only partly for the performance of treaty provisions, such jurisdiction shall be exercised, and such functions, including the construction, operation, and maintenance of the said works, shall be performed and carried out by the federal agencies of that country which now or hereafter may be authorized by domestic law to construct, or to operate and maintain, such works. Such functions or jurisdictions shall be exercised in conformity with the provisions of the treaty and in cooperation with the respective section of the commission, to the end that all international obligations and functions may be coordinated and fulfilled.

Ratification of the treaty is a step forward in international cooperation. A 98-year point of dispute over allocation of the waters of the Colorado River and other rivers rising in the United States and flowing into Mexico should be settled.

Water holds a key position in developing the resources of the Colorado River Basin. It is the "critical material" because of its limited supply and great demand. Development and utilization of other resources in this arid land depend upon the availability of water. Crops must be irrigated; cattle on the vast ranges must be partially fed from hay produced on irrigated land; towns and cities must be located within distance of dependable domestic and municipal water supplies; and mining and many other industries depend to an extent on the availability of hydroelectric power.

The use that has been made of the basin's resources by those people who have claimed this land as their home and the needs and problems confronting them must be understood before any solution or plan can be suggested to improve present conditions and create additional opportunities. For that purpose this chapter includes a survey and appraisal of the basin's resources and economic activities.

The Colorado River Basin is a part of America's frontier. It is, perhaps, as little developed as any comparable area in the United States. Yet it is known that here lie buried one-sixth of the entire world's coal reserves, billions of barrels of oil in shale and sand (equivalent to many times the known petroleum reserves in all the oil fields of the United States) and vast treasures of other minerals including petroleum, natural gas, copper, lead, zinc, gold, silver, rare hydrocarbons, vanadium, molybdenum, phosphates, and many others. For only a few of these can it be said that development has had even a good beginning.

Crop production in the basin is dependent almost wholly on irrigation. More than 22 million acresmuch with an inadequate late season supply—are now irrigated. Development of the basin's land and water resources is little beyond the half-way mark toward ultimate potentialities. Livestock raising is the basin's principal agricultural pursuit, but the numerous herds of cattle and sheep that graze the vast ranges and forests are dependent on supplemental feed from irrigated farms.

Only in the last two decades has a good start been made in exploiting the possibilities of the Colorado River for generating hydroelectric power. Construction of Boulder

Dam to control the flow of the lower river was the first big development. Even with completion of all present and authorized construction which will give to the river system installed generating capacity of 2 million kilowatts, only a little more than a third of the basin's water power will be harnessed.

Extending more than two-thirds the distance across the Nation, from Mexico to Canada, the Colorado River Basin is crossed in an east-west direction by several transcontinental railroads and highways. North-south transportation is dependent very largely on a few highways. The improvement of highways and transportation facilities characterizing this generation has bettered living conditions in the basin and has increased the basin's economic contributions to the Nation. Some important agricultural and mineral areas, however, are today a hundred miles or more from railroads. Further improvement and expansion of transportation facilities within the basin. would be a national asset.

Practically the only manufacturing in the basin is the processing of farm and forest products on a limited scale. Most of the food, fiber, and minerals produced or mined in the area is shipped away in raw state. In recent years the Los Angeles metropolitan area has become one of the Nation's principal manufacturing areas due in large measure to low-cost power produced at Boulder Dam.

The spectacular natural beauty, shrouded in the romantic aura of frontier adventure, delights the tourist and health seeker. The basin is fast becoming a national playground. Rocky Mountain, Mesa Verde, Bryce Canyon, Zion, and Grand Canyon National Parks, the Painted Desert, Petrified Forest and Boulder Dam National Recreational Area as well as many national monuments lie wholly or partly within the basin. Unmatched trout fishing in mountain streams and lakes, big-game hunting, and Indian reservations add to the basin's outstanding attractions.

The people on the basin's irrigated farms and those in the cities and towns that rise on the commerce created by irrigated agriculture and by mining exercise purchasing power that establishes markets for automobiles, farm machinery, and other products manufactured and grown in all parts of the country.