'Small equals 1 to 10,000 tons; medium equals 10,000 to 50,000 tons.

has in the Colorado River Basin. The standard raw material does not occur in the basin and bauxite, if shipped from the north coast of South America through the Panama Canal would probably have to be converted into alumina, ready for reduction, at Los Angeles, as bauxite is treated in transit at Mobile, Ala., before sending the aluminum oxide up the railroad to the lowest cost power area. Cost of power is doubled by transmitting it from the power stations to Los Angeles and a pound of

aluminum calls for about 10 kilowatt-hours in its production. Up to the present time alumina has had to travel to the low-cost power area for reduction. Silicon, ferrosilicon, and silicon carbide require low-cost In normal times all power, quartzite and low ash coke. of the production is carried on at low power cost electrochemical centers where raw materials are nearby. These specifications can be met in the basin. Another consideration in connection with ferrosilicon is the fact that much

of the ferrosilicon produced is an intermediate product, used in the same plants for reducing other ores to produce low-carbon metals, alloys and ferroalloys. In this respect ferrosilicon in certain metallurgical industries is like sulphuric acid in the chemical industry, a key intermediate. Manganese ores, generally of low grade, occur in several localities in Nevada, Arizona, and California and the Boulder City station of the Bureau of Mines has operated a pilot electrolytic manganese plant for several years, developing the fine points in technique of operation. Part of the manganese went to the mint for production of the new 5-cent pieces, designed to conserve nickel. The remainder has gone largely into tonnage tests of electrolytic manganese for the production of a number of lowcarbon manganese alloys that show promise of large scale demand. As the scale of operation is increased the cost of production goes down and it should not be long before a commercial operation may be justified. The Three Kids manganese deposit near Las Vegas, Nev., is not far from the Basic Magnesium Co. magnesium plant where the necessary electrolytic equipment exists and only the tankage required by a manganese plant need be added. The magnesium plant is too large for normal peacetime demands and part of it might well be converted into a manganese plant.

Manganese ores and chromite ores can also be electrically smelted into the corresponding ferroalloys. Chromite occurs in many areas of California. Ferromanganese is required in the production of steel and finds a market in Los Angeles, San Francisco, and the other steel centers of the Southwest. Ferrochromium is needed in the chrome steels and chrome irons also made in the same areas. Electrolytic chromium is under development by the Bureau of Mines at Boulder City, Nev., and may well meet the need for a low carbon metal in production of such items as stainless steel.

These are only prominent examples of electrochemical industries that can be developed first of all for local needs and that later may reach more distant markets.

OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

Indian Projects in the Colorado River Basin

Undoubtedly the oldest as well as the most extensive of the prehistoric Indian agriculture on the North American continent took place within the basin of the Colorado River. There is ample evidence to show that many hundreds of years ago the Indians were builders of substantial irrigation projects covering large acreages of land served by wide and numerous canals. The first recorded observations or historical accounts were those made by the Spaniards who ventured into this basin as early as the middle of

the sixteenth century. The records of these explorers are replete with descriptions of Indian irrigation enterprises located at various places within the range of their travels, but the most imposing accounts were those concerning the activities of the Pimas along the Gila River and its tributaries. Elsewhere, however, throughout this whole general territory various Indians made efforts toward obtaining at least a part of their subsistence from "what they planted." With the coming of the whites and the subsequent confinement to reservations their earlier methods and customs have changed but through the assistance of the government their present agricultural activities have become considerably enlarged and modern methods are being adopted.

Within the Colorado River Basin, as defined in the text of this report, are 29 Indian reservations, 1 nonreservation Indian school, and 2 sanatoria. The Indian land totals 26,823,062 acres, of which 1,271,117 acres are in trust allotments, 24,557,040 acres in tribal ownership and 994,905 acres in Government ownership. The combined Indian population of the area totals more than 80,000, the majority of whom are full-bloods. The largest single group is the Navajos in Arizona and New Mexico, who total more than 50,000, practically all of whom are full-bloods.

These Indians and their resources in land and water rights are the special concern of the Federal Government. The Federal responsibility is specifically set out in various treaties, statutes, and agreements under which definite legal rights have been vested in individuals and tribes. There are also certain moral obligations of the Government to these Indians because of its disregard of their legal rights over a long period. These rights and obligations were recognized by the Colorado River Compact Commission as evidenced by article VII of the compact which reads as follows: "Nothing in this compact shall be construed as affecting the obligations of the United States of America to Indian Tribes." One of the Government's objectives in the development of the basin must be not only the protection of the Indian's purely legal rights but the discharge of its moral obligations as well.

With few exceptions the Indians within the Colorado River Basin exist on a much lower than average standard of living. The Federal Government is obligated to provide them with resources sufficient to enable them to attain economic independence at a level comparable with other citizens of the area. In some instances the full development of the Indian's present resources in land and water will accomplish this result. In other cases some additional resources must be acquired. Only after their economic independence at a reasonable level is attained can these Indians be expected to become integrated with the social, economic, and political life of the Nation. The guidance, protection, and assistance necessary to attain this end are Federal responsibilities.

In carrying out its obligation to establish these Indians on a firm economic base the first step of the Government should be to develop fully their present resources and educate them in the utilization and protection thereof. Many Indians are now in the armed services and many more are engaged in war work. This will undoubtedly result in an increasing number of Indians leaving the reservations permanently to engage in industry. The great majority, however, will continue to rely upon reservation resources for a livelihood. It is, therefore, urgent that all feasible Indian irrigation projects be developed fully at an early date. The need for this is so acute that unless detailed plans can be developed and construction work started immediately, conditions on most of the reservations will be such as to require the expenditure of large sums for relief or "made" work. This alternative must be avoided.

Tentative plans have been prepared over the past several years by the Irrigation Division of the Office of Indian Affairs for the development of all potentially irrigable Indian lands. Additional detail surveys and studies are required in connection with many of the projects before the ultimate areas can be defined definitely and adequate facilities designed. As the development of the Indian projects will have a material bearing on plans for the development of the basin as a whole they should be given an early priority when funds and manpower become available. The total area in Indian projects within the basin now supplied with irrigation facilities is 262,290 acres and plans contemplate expanding this area to 566,440 acres. The present average annual diversion is 1,034,308 acre-feet and the average annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is 2,845,420 acre-feet. The areas and water use by States including non-Indian land within Indian irrigation projects are as follows:

ARIZONA

Within the Colorado River Basin in Arizona are 19 Indian projects containing a total of 148,070 acres now supplied with irrigation facilities. The ultimate irrigable area of these projects is estimated at about 291,055 acres making an increase of 142,985 acres for the State. The present diversion duty is approximately 610,470 acre-feet annually and the annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is estimated at 1,671,342 acre-feet. The individual projects are described as follows:

Ak Chin.-This small project is located on the Maricopa Reservation near the town of Maricopa. The population of the reservation is 284 persons, most of whom are full-blood Maricopas. The reservation was established by Executive order of May 28, 1912. The water supply is secured from four wells equipped with electrically operated turbine pumps, installed in 1915. Approximately 1,500 acre-feet is pumped annually, and it is

estimated that when the irrigated area, which is divided into small subsistence garden tracts, is cultivated more intensively the annual water requirement will increase to about 2,680 acre-feet. The distribution system consists of 10 miles of ditches and 2,600 feet of 16-inch concrete pipe. The irrigable area is 670 acres and present plans do not contemplate any material expansion on account of the relatively high cost of pumping.

Camp Verde. This small project is located on the Camp Verde Reserve in central Arizona, the total area of which is 458 acres. The Indian population is 453. Water is secured by direct diversion from the Verde River. The present irrigable area is 170 acres, and it is planned to expand it to approximately 425 acres. The present annual diversion is 950 acre-feet and the average annual diversion requirement for the total area of 425 acres is estimated at 2,337 acre-feet.

Chiu Chiu. This small project is located on the Papago Reservation approximately 9 miles south of Casa Grande. The water supply is secured from two wells equipped with electrically operated turbine pumps installed in 1915. Approximately 615 acres are now being irrigated and present plans contemplate increasing the area to about 700 acres. The present pumping amounts to 1,550 acre-feet annually and the estimated average annual requirement for the ultimate area is 2,800 acre-feet. The estimated cost to complete the project is $5,000.

Cocopah. This small project is located about 18 miles south of Yuma where approximately 530 acres were set aside by Executive order of September 27, 1917. Water is secured from the Yuma project of the Bureau of Reclamation through a lateral of about 100 second-feet capacity. The present annual water use is about 600 acre-feet and the estimated annual requirement for the ultimate irrigable area of 425 acres is 2,550 acre-feet. The estimated cost of completing the project is $5,000.

Colorado River. This project is located on the Colorado River Reservation which was established by the act of March 4, 1865 (13 Stat. 559). It was on this reservation that the Federal Government made its first attempt to reclaim arid lands. The act of March 2, 1867 (14 Stat. 514), appropriated $50,000 for beginning construction of an irrigation canal from the Colorado River. Water was first turned into this canal on July 4, 1870, but due to faulty design and construction of the headgate and to the unusually high stage of the river the canal was destroyed for a considerable distance below the intake struc.ture. Several attempts to reconstruct the canal and heading were made and it was actually used during 1871 when the stage of the river was such as to allow the diversion of water. On account of the great variation in the flow of the river, however, attempts to irrigate these lands by gravity diversion were discontinued and a pumping plant was installed in 1898. This plant was subsequently en

larged to a capacity of 125 second-feet and has now been replaced with permanent diversion facilities.

The irrigable area extends about 45 miles north and south from near Parker to a point near the old town of Ehrenberg. The water supply is secured by direct diversion from the Colorado River at the Headgate Rock diversion dam. This is one of the major Indian projects in the Colorado River Basin and the first major project downstream from Boulder Dam.

The project is designed and is being constructed to irrigate 100,000 acres. The Headgate Rock Dam together

with about 17 miles of the main canal and about the same length of the main drainage canal have been completed at a cost of about $8,000,000. Construction work was suspended at the beginning of the war with the exception of extending facilities to serve some 3,000 acres within the Poston relocation center of the War Relocation Authority. The present area supplied with distribution facilities is approximately 9,400 acres. Detail plans for extending the irrigation and drainage facilities including the construction of a small hydroelectric generating plant at a drop in the main canal, are complete. The estimated cost to complete the project for the ultimate area of 100,000 acres is $12,425,000. The present average annual diversion is approximately 56,400 acre-feet and the estimated annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is 600,000 acre-feet.

The early completion of this project will assist materially with the rehabilitation of the Indians within the Colorado River Basin. Plans for the utilization of the area by Indians are being made in accordance with the act of March 4, 1865, which established the reservation for the Indians of the Colorado River and its tributaries. The completion of the project for the total irrigable area of 100,000 acres should be given a high priority when materials and manpower become available in the postwar period.

Fort Apache. This project consists of several small units on the Fort Apache Reservation. Water is secured by direct diversion from White and Black Rivers and various tributary creeks. The area now being served is approximately 2,000 acres, and it is planned to extend irrigation facilities to an additional 4,000 acres, making 6,000 acres in all. The present annual diversion amounts to about 10,000 acre-feet and the estimated diversion requirement for the ultimate area is 30,000 acre-feet. The estimated cost to complete the developments is $47,000.

Fort Mojave. This small project is located on the Fort Mojave Reservation across the Colorado River from Needles, Calif. The present project consists of 20 acres, which are irrigated by pumping. There is a total area of approximately 9,000 acres of Indian land lying along the Colorado River which will be susceptible of irrigation by pumping when low-cost power is available and the river becomes stabilized after completion of Davis Dam. This area would be particularly valuable for the production of

pure seed at it is isolated from other agricultural areas. The present average diversion is 100 acre-feet and the average annual diversion for the ultimate area is estimated at 54,000 acre-feet.

Fort McDowell.-This small project is on the Fort McDowell Reservation north of Phoenix. The water supply is secured by direct diversion from the Verde River. The present area is 600 acres and it is contemplated to increase it to 1,400 acres through extension of the canal and lateral systems at an estimated cost of $16,000. The present annual diversion amounts to approximately 3,600 acre-feet and the annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is estimated at 8,400 acre-feet.

Gila Bend.-At one time the Indians of the Gila Bend Reservation were irrigating a small area adjacent to the Gillespie project. These Indians are now mostly in the armed services or engaged in war work and the irrigated area is not used temporarily. There are 400 acres, however, which these Indians can reasonably be expected to utilize eventually. The water supply will be secured from the Gila River and the annual diversion is estimated at 2,400 acre-feet. The estimated cost of the development is $40,000.

Gila River.-Irrigation was practiced on the reservation by the Pima Indians in prehistoric times. The first historical record probably comes from the visit of Fra Marcus De Niza in 1539, who found a successful agricultural community of Pima Indians along the Gila River. Most of the irrigable lands within the reservation are included in the San Carlos project which is described separately, but approximately 7,400 acres outside the San Carlos project are being irrigated by Indians. This area is in small scattered tracts, the largest of which is the 1,080-acre Maricopa unit near the confluence of the Gila and Salt Rivers. Water for these scattered units is secured both by gravity diversion from the Gila and Salt Rivers and by pumping.

The total present irrigable area in these units is 7,400 acres, and it is planned to extend irrigation facilities to an additional 5,525 acres making 12,925 acres in all. The present annual diversion is approximately 37,320 acrefeet and the annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is estimated at 77,955 acre-feet. The estimated cost of providing irrigation facilities for this additional area is $250,000. This additional development of Indian lands outside the San Carlos project will depend upon securing a supplemental water supply through the proposed delivery of Colorado River water to central Arizona.

Hopi. Within the Hopi Reservation are eight small irrigation developments and several small garden tracts aggregating about 660 acres. It is planned to extend irrigation facilities to an additional 70 acres making 730 acres in all. Water is secured from miscellaneous small streams tributary to the Little Colorado River. The pres

ent annual diversion is about 3,300 acre-feet and the annual diversion requirement for the ultimate irrigable area is estimated at 3,650 acre-feet.

Havasupai.-This small project lies in Supai Canyon near the western terminus of the Grand Canyon. A total of 175 acres is being irrigated and it is expected the area will be expanded to a total of 200 acres. Water is secured from springs and the present diversion is about 1,050 acrefeet annually. The annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is estimated at 1,200 acre-feet.

Hualapai. This small project is located on the Hualapai Reservation. At present 40 acres are being irrigated and it is planned to extend irrigation facilities to an additional 130 acres, making 170 acres in all. Water is secured by direct diversion from Big Sandy Creek, a minor tributary of the Colorado River. The present diversion is about 200 acre-feet annually and the annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is estimated at 1,020 acre-feet. Kaibab. This small project is on the Kaibab Reservation. At present 40 acres are being irrigated from a spring. The annual diversion is estimated at 160 acrefeet and no expansion of the irrigable area or annual diversion is contemplated.

Navajo. On the Navajo Reservation within the State of Arizona are about 45 small irrigation developments aggregating 13,740 acres. Twenty of these units totaling about 5,000 acres lie within the Little Colorado River watershed and 25 units with an area of about 8,740 acres are within the San Juan River Basin. It is planned to provide irrigation facilities for an additional 31,530 acres which will make the ultimate irrigable area within Arizona approximately 45,270 acres, about 23,265 acres of which will be in the Little Colorado River watershed and 22,005 acres in the San Juan watershed. The water supply is secured by direct diversion from miscellaneous streams and the present annual diversion is estimated at 68,700 acre-feet, of which 25,000 acre-feet is from tributaries of the Little Colorado River and 43,700 acrefeet from tributaries of the San Juan. The average annual diversion requirement for the ultimate area is estimated at 226,350 acre-feet of which 116,325 acre-feet will be from the Little Colorado River watershed and 110,025 acre-feet from the San Juan watershed.

Salt River. This project is located on the Salt River Reservation which was set aside for use of Indians by the Act of February 28, 1859 (11 Stat. 401), and Executive order of June 14, 1879. The present irrigation project was started by the Indians in 1871 and has been improved and extended from time to time until at present the irrigable area is 9,800 acres. An additional 200 acres will be brought under the canal system within a short time, making a total project area of 10,000 acres. Water is secured through the canal system of the Salt River project built by the Bureau of Reclamation. Delivery of 17.5 second-feet constant flow is made through the Arizona

Canal to lands lying north of the Salt River and 8.75 second-feet through the Utah Canal for lands in the Lehi district. In addition to this normal flow water the Indians are entitled to 20 percent of the storable water in the reservoir created by Bartlett Dam on the Verde River in accordance with a contract between the Office of Indian Affairs and the Salt River Valley Water Users' Association, dated June 21, 1935. This amounts to an average of approximately 20,000 acre-feet annually. The present diversion averages 39,200 acre-feet annually and the annual diversion for the ultimate area will average 40,000 acre-feet.

San Carlos project.-The San Carlos Indian irrigation project was authorized by the act of June 7, 1924 (43 Stat. 475-476), commonly known as the San Carlos Act. This act authorized the construction of the Coolidge storage dam on the Gila River and the merger, in whole or in part, of the 62,000-acre Florence Casa Grande project. with the San Carlos project. The Coolidge Dam was completed in 1928. This dam creates the San Carlos Reservoir which has a capacity of 1,285,000 acre-feet. Water is diverted from the Gila River at the Ashurst-Hayden Dam above Florence and at the Sacaton Dam near Sacaton. In addition to the gravity supply the project operates about 85 turbine pumps which provide adequate drainage and augments the water supply for irrigation.

The project contains a total of 100,000 acres of which 50,000 acres are Indian lands within the Gila River Reservation and 50,000 acres of privately owned lands in the Florence-Casa Grande Valley. Water rights for the project lands were defined in a Federal district court decree entitled "Glove Equity No. 59" entered June 29, 1935. This decree known as the Gila River decree provides a water right with immemorial priority for 35,000 acres of Indian lands within the San Carlos project; a water right for 1,000 acres in the San Carlos Reservation with a priority second only to that of the 35,000 acres of Pima lands; water rights with varying priorities from 1868 to 1921 between privately owned lands in the San Carlos project and lands in the upper Gila Valley; and a right with a priority of not later than June 7, 1924, to the San Carlos project to store 1,285,000 acre-feet in the San Carlos Reservoir at all times.

The present average annual diversion for the project lands is about 370,000 acre-feet which has been the average flow available during the past several years. It is planned to secure a supplemental supply of about 230,000 acre-feet annually through the construction of the proposed Buttes Dam on the Gila River to store flood flows of the San Pedro River and partly from the Colorado River through facilities proposed to bring Colorado River water into the central valleys of Arizona. This will result in a total annual diversion of 600,000 acre-feet of which 450,000 acre-feet will be from the Gila River watershed and 150,000 acre-feet from the Colorado River.