ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS

A variety of additional activities must also be pursued. We must proceed more vigorously to eliminate discrimination barriers to full use of the work force. Racial, religious, sex, and age discrimination must be eradicated to keep faith with our ideals and to strengthen our resources and speed our growth. The Federal Government is moving energetically to eliminate the last vestiges of discrimination in its own employment policies and to insure that all who do business with it observe nondiscriminatory employment policies. We hope and expect that, as all citizens come to realize the waste and dangers of discrimination, all our private institutions will act expeditiously to eliminate practices which weaken our economy and which arouse resentment and concern abroad.

We must stimulate broadened willingness to initiate and experiment with new methods of developing and applying manpower potential. Our objective is to overcome obstacles to employment for the unskilled, older workers with obsolete skills, the poorly motivated, the partially disabled-and to construct more effective and more equitable means of meeting worker needs in the face of radical technological change. We cannot permit obsolescence of a worker's skills to make the worker obsolete as well. Nor can we allow deficiencies in education and social development to mark individuals as permanent discards, as a deadweight for society.

These are challenges to industry and the community for social inventiveness to match our achievements in scientific inventiveness. Rewarding new approaches can be forged if industry and community leaders undertake to apply their knowledge and resources with zeal and dedication.

More must be done to enlist the interest, capacity, and ideas of the academic centers of learning; the national associations of management, professional, labor, church, and other groups; the foundations; and the major corporations-each of which has distinctive talent and experience to contribute uniquely and notably toward improvement of our manpower programs. Increased attention must be centered in the scientific and investment communities on the manpower implications of their activities, so that manpower planning and technology planning may be better blended in purpose and result.

Emphasis on international sharing of knowledge and experience is also necessary. Our country provides technical aid to less developed countries seeking improved manpower development, but we can benefit also from an increased flow of information from abroad. Some nations have developed within a democratic framework skillful labor market programs offering many helpful ideas.

The Department of Labor will be expanding its information and communication activities relating to manpower in order to disseminate more widely the fruits of increased research and experimentation.

Steps are being taken by the Department of Labor to strengthen and better organize its facilities to provide special assistance, when requested, to management and labor in industries confronted with problems of marked change and sizable manpower adjustments. This program will aid collective bargaining by working with the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service and the National Mediation Board

to strengthen their preventive mediation efforts. It will proceed in advance of emergencies or collective bargaining deadlines to gather and supply facts and information relating to anticipated changes and to help the parties develop equitable programs for meeting the prob lems. This new effort will draw upon existing government facilities and pool information from private programs and sources, in seeking to reduce labor-management difficulties through advance preparation and action.

The primary focus of this initial manpower report has been on the levels of employment and unemployment, on mechanisms for improved labor market behavior, and on skill development. Attention and study are also required on other basic issues on which there has been little conscious national effort.

Public and private welfare, education, health, research, cultural, defense, and other major policies have significant and perhaps conflicting implications for our Nation's manpower future. They should be appraised in an overall framework from the standpoint of their long-range manpower effects to point directions for more rational coordination and meshing.

Worker selection of occupations is now often haphazard or influenced by incentives unrelated to the best interests of the individuals or of the Nation. The factors shaping career development of youngsters and changes in occupations by adults should be assessed as a basis for an improved guidance program for improved career planning.

Strengthened research efforts are necessary to provide more adequate current data, and projections, on requirements and resources by occupation and skill level so that planning of training efforts and educational programs, and vocational guidance activities may be correctly geared to present and future manpower needs.

The effects of different kinds of work in providing personal satis faction, and the encouragement of attitudes that bring about such satisfaction deserve increased attention, as do the cultural challenges presented by the increasing amount of leisure time available to most workers. Some thought might well be given to the changing patterns of toil in which persons in the upper levels of large organizations-be they private corporations, trade unions, universities, or government departments would appear to be working longer and longer hours while the general run of employees enjoy ever more reasonable schedules.

We have considerable insight into factors impeding or stimulating occupational, industrial, and geographical mobility. We need updating of such research in the light of rapid technological and other change, together with exploration of the degree and nature of mobility desirable for flexible yet stable economic and manpower development, and study of the means of overcoming obstacles to desirable mobility.

CONCLUSION

Greater employment opportunities, and a work force ever more capable of making use of such opportunities--these are among the foremost domestic needs of the Nation. We must meet them. Ours is a rich nation, but not inexhaustibly so. There are 32 million Amer

icans who are still on the fringes of poverty, and worse. A nation can waste its resources as surely as an individual can. Without measure, the greatest waste we experience today is that of unemployment.

Pressures are mounting as witnessed by calls for artificial cutbacks in the workweek and by resistance to change based on fear that technological progress threatens worker security. Such pressures cannot be resolved by words. The problems creating the pressures must be met by effective and constructive action to accelerate economic expansion and full use of our manpower capability.

The Nation has begun such a program. Additional steps on a wide front are needed this year to carry it forward. There is no easy solution in sight. But with dedicated application of our national will, ingenuity, and compassion, we shall meet this manpower challengeproceed to full employment, improved standards of work and life for minority groups, adequate preparation for future manpower needs, widespread technological advance-thereby raising our levels of wellbeing at home and strengthening the security of the Nation abroad. JOHN F. KENNEDY.

REMARKS OF SENATOR JOSEPH S. CLARK UPON OPENING HEARINGS ON THE NATION'S MANPOWER REVOLUTION, MAY 20, 1963

This is the first of a series of hearings which we anticipate will continue during most of the summer and possibly into the fall held by the Subcommittee on Employment and Manpower of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare.

Our subject is unemployment, its causes and what can we do to cure it, and thus create that condition which was laid down as the policy of the Federal Government in the Employment Act of 1946, maximum production and maximum employment all within the limits of reasonable price stability.

The hearings are also an effort for the legislative arm to cooperate with the executive arm in creating those manpower policies and programs which were stated to be a national objective in the Manpower Training Act of 1961.

The chairman of the subcommittee agrees with the President that the most urgent domestic problem before the Nation today is unemployment. But unemployment is a symptom of a broader and more fundamental challenge, it is part of a manpower revolution and as is the case with most revolutions it has its good and its bad sides. The most pernicious evil this revolution has spawned is unemployment. Its good is the better life the manpower revolution at least tentatively promises for all. We can only learn how to deal with it in its

own terms.

Unemployment is, of course, not new in industrial society. We can think back to the Luddities in the 17th century England that used to go around breaking up machines because machines were destroying employment. But we suspect that the changes now taking place in our national manpower needs are new, we are moving from a bluecollar to a white-collar economy, one which offers fewer and fewer opportunities for the unskilled and the uneducated. There is a voracious appetite for highly skilled professional manpower; it remains to be seen whether there will be a continued demand for white-collar workers at intermediate and lower levels of the structure because of the speed with which the automation and what sometimes is called cybernation moving over into the white-collar field. We have a paradox of 4 million unemployed on one hand and severe shortages of the manpower needed to run our highly complex tech

nology on the other.

As technology replaces human labor and the skilled needs of society are elevated, a whole new set of political, social, and educational challenges are posed.

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