Sherburn House, August 10, 1846.

SIR,-I am aware of the difficulties which have been raised touching St. Peter ever having been at Rome; but I think, if we set aside the direct testimony of a man circumstanced like Irenæus, we strike at the certainty of all historical evidence. Man and boy, he flourished through the greater part of the second century, and the earlier part of his life was spent in Asia, while the latter part of it was spent in Gaul in the West; his middle years being most probably divided between the two. Such a witness seems unexceptionable; and his distinct attestation is, that the two co-founders of the single Roman bishoprick were Peter and Paul. Of their founding two bishopricks in Rome he says not a syllable; and his numerals directly contradict the popish fancy, that he himself was the first bishop of Rome. He wrote about the year 170; consequently, if Peter never was at Rome, but had fixed himself at the eastern Babylon, the whole fable must have originated in the course of the century preceding A.D. 170. Now, if it were a fable, I can hardly conceive the possibility of Irenæus, who may be viewed as living from about A.D. 110 to A.D. 180, and whose local habitation had been both the East and the West, delivering it, to the best of his own knowledge and belief, as an historic truth. When St. Paul was brought to Rome (in the Acts,) and when he wrote his Epistle to the Romans, the Roman Church was clearly in an unorganized state, consisting apparently of a small society of insulated believers, who had very probably received the gospel through lay communication. These two circumstances were placed, I believe, about A.D. 62, and A.D. 60. The Roman Church, therefore, in its regularly organized state, must have been founded after A.D. 62; and the language of Irenæus shows, that he speaks, not of the first introduction of the gospel into Rome, but of Rome's subsequent ecclesiastical organization. This organization is what he ascribes, without the slightest appearance of doubt, to Peter and Paul; and he then gives a regular account of the line of bishops, commencing from the first appointed by the two apostles, when they organized the Church. I cannot resist such testimony; it is the sole ancient testimony which we have; but it is not contradicted either by the contemporaries or the successors of Irenæus. About the year 200, the then bishop of Rome built upon it a

claim of St. Peter's alleged Primacy. Tertullian ridicules the claim, but does not deny the fact of the Roman bishoprick being founded by Peter and Paul. Consequently, the fact, asserted by Irenæus, must have been universally received at the end of the second century.

G. S. FABER.

To the Editor of the Church Warder.

THE EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE.

Sir,-MY ATTENTION has been particularly attracted to an excellent article entitled "The recent Apostacies," in the first series of the Church Warder, No. V. p. 107. Every one who has at heart the prosperity and purity of the Church of England, must wish God speed to your labours, assailed as that pure Church is, at present, on the one side, by the unceasing efforts of Romanism, and on the other, by the no less persevering attacks of a heterogeneous mass of Dissenters; the genuine offspring of Jesuitical exertion.

IN THE ARTICLE alluded to, you have exhibited Mr. Newman and his followers in their true colours, and held out a timely warning to all who feel any ways disposed to attach themselves to him as their leader, and to "take up their cross" with him, "and follow the Virgin Mary to Oscott." Thither at last he has gone. In a weekly periodical, there is a paragraph copied from the Record, which states that "the Rev. J. H. Newman left Littlemore near Oxford, finally for Old Oscott, early in last week," " and he is now undergoing a prescribed penance at the latter place;" thus literally fulfilling what I may be allowed to call your prediction, that “He, with the others who have preceded and followed him, may, perhaps, have to undergo penance, for having set their sign manual to the Thirty-nine Articles, most of which condemn all Roman Doctrines." No doubt these gentlemen had made up their minds to submit to this probationary state, long previous to their final departure.

IT IS HOWEVER, melancholy to think, that these apostate individuals are not alone in their attempts to subvert the Church, in this part of the Empire. How many who still

eat her bread, are straining every nerve to undermine her pure and primitive doctrines. Surrounded as she is, on all hands, by a host of those who wish to see her levelled with the dust, can any exertions of the many true sons whom she has brought up, be deemed too great in her defence? And yet, are not these exertions scouted on all sides, and not only privately thought illiberal, but publicly denounced as such, by many from whom better things might be expected; this fine-sounding phrase, I have often observed, is never made use of, but by those who have something fundamentally wrong in their own system of belief, or of Church government, and is only another mode of expressing a Latitudinarianism of principle, which is much to be deplored. I am far from saying that there are not many good men to be found among all sects, however much we must lament their departure from the truth. For all these, the Church of England earnestly prays that "they may be led into the way of truth, and hold the faith in unity of spirit, and in the bond of peace;" a consummation devoutly to be wished, but certainly not to be obtained by the hollow professions of such a demonstration as we have lately witnessed at Liverpool. Few clergymen of the Church attended this conference, and those few, if they really feel dissatisfied either with the tenets, or the emoluments of their Mother Church, ought to follow the example of the Free-Kirk men of the North, and "cast their stipends to the winds," and go, as some of them have done, to enlighten "the ecclesiastical bats and owls" on the other side of the Tweed. Considering their solemn Ordination vows, this would be only an act of honesty on their part, and the Church would be no great loser in dispensing with their further services.

A BETTER FEELING seems beginning to take place among the ministers of the Scottish Establishment, as I see it announced, in the periodical alluded to, that the son of a respected minister of that Establishment has been recently appointed by Her Most Gracious Majesty to the new incumbency of South Banbury, Oxfordshire. How different to the sentiments which animated their predecessors about a century and a half ago, who were bound by a solemn oath to extirpate Prelacy root and branch, not only in their own country, but in England too. In short, to complete our absurdity on the

subject of Religion, we have only to establish Romanism in Ireland, and make the Monarch of the United Kingdom take a solemn oath that she will support all those who are willing to cut one another's throats on account of their Religion.

IF THESE cursory observations be deemed worthy of a corner in your highly interesting and useful Miscellany, they are at your service, with best wishes for success in the good cause in which you have embarked, a cause which deserves the energetic support of every true member of Christ's Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. C. F.

I am, Sir, &c.,

UNHEALTHINESS OF TOWNS, ITS CAUSES AND REMEDIES.

On the 28th of January this year, Dr. Guy, of King's College, London, delivered an Address at a public meeting, in the Corn Exchange, Manchester, on the causes of the Unhealthiness of Towns, and the remedies that might be applied. In this most eloquent address Dr. Guy draws a frightful but true picture of the miseries endured by artisans in large towns, and of the waste of human life which is constantly taking place. "The average age of death of all the inhabitants of England and Wales is 29 years. It is 27 in the metropolis, 21 in Leeds, 20 ́n Manchester, 19 in Bolton, and only 17 in Liverpool. So that, when compared with the average of all England, which is by no means favourable, the inhabitants of Manchester, taken one with another, lose nine years of their lives, and those of Liverpool twelve years. It is now a well ascertained fact, that our negligence has succeeded in rendering Liverpool a deadly poison to thousands of its inhabitants, and this seat of flourishing commerce, a very by-word among the cities of England."

SITTING in our luxurious parlours, and reading police reports of crime and profligacy, we little think of the misery that may exist within a few yards of our own doors, but which Dr. Guy has so feelingly and eloquently depicted. Or when we are adorned in "the putting on of apparel," how seldom do we reflect on the distress and privations of those who have minis

tered to our wants, our pride, or our vain glory. But, says Dr. Guy,

To convince you that I am not giving an exaggerated picture of at least one class of workshops, I will present you with a short sketch from nature of a tailor's workshop in Loudon.

EIGHTY MEN, Working together in a room 16 or 18 yards long, and 7 or 8 yards wide, close together, knee to knee-the room in summer time, what with the heat of the men, the heat of the irons, and the heat of the candles together, 20 or 30 degrees higher than the heat outside the heat and closeness such, that tailors from the country faint away in the shop, and visitors complain of the heat and smell as intolerable-the men sitting as loosely as possible, the perspiration streaming from them. In winter additional heat from stoves and candles; cold currents of air streaming in at every crevice-perpetual squabbling about opening windows-the old hands from long habit, inured to the heat, conspiring to stifle the new comers—in the very coldest nights, the rooms so hot, that large thick tallow candles (quarter of pound candles) have melted and fallen over from the heat-the young hands unable to work full time-the old hands losing appetite, thirst taking the place of hunger, and gin of foodintemperance in this, as in many other cases, a sort of necessity, and not merely a depraved appetite for a destructive poison.

WE GIVE the following graphic picture of a poor working man's condition, which is at the same time a specimen of the elegance of Dr. Guy's style, and also of the benevolence of his disposition.

I WILL suppose a case, by way of illustration. A labouring man with a wife and family, earning moderate wages, and subject, as all his class are from time to time, to a temporary loss of employment, searches in vain through the lengtli and breadth of a large city, for a wholesome habitation, at such a weekly rent as he can afford to pay. Suppose such a man, I say, after a long and fruitless search, to take up his abode (of necessity mark you, not from choice) in some narrow street or blind court, or, what is worse, some cellar under ground, without a sewer, and visited only on very rare occasions, if ever, by the scavenger; this home without a proper supply of water, and the room or rooms which he occupies, so constructed as not to admit of ventilation; so that he is constrained to live surrounded by filth, in the midst of unwholesome exhalations, in a narrow and confined space, far from all open places for exercise and amusement,—and disease, the natural and necessary consequence of such a state of things, invades his miserable dwelling. His child, we will suppose, sickens of one of the fevers which haunt such spots, or falls into the wasting consumption which converts the fair and ruddy features of childhood into the miniature resemblance of wrinkled old age (the most melancholy mockery I know of)-and what happens? Why, the little sufferer becomes a wretched burden and a sad embarrassment, absorbing the father's wages, and engrossing the mother's care, and