sented 59.86 per cent of all employees in the establishments considered. Of the striking employees 37,316 were reemployed, and 1,343 new employees took the places of strikers. These items are shown, by industries, in the following table:

The strikes in the building trades were more numerous and extensive than those in any other industry, involving 13,961, or 35.20 per cent, of all the strikers reported. Next in importance with regard to the number of strikers were the mining industry with 7,046, and the group of stone, glass, china, and earthen ware industries with 4.491.

The following table shows, for each of the years 1894 to 1898, the per cent of strikers and of days lost in each of the 8 groups of industries most extensively affected by strikes, and in the remaining 9 groups of industries collectively:

PER CENT OF STRIKERS AND OF DAYS LOST, BY INDUSTRIES, 1894 TO 1898,

goods.

14.60 8.15

9.02 3.59 14.78 29.31

22.33
4.96

€ 3.22, 35.49 18.08 16.82 9.42 14.20 8.00 5.73 45 1.80 .54 3.95 6.09 .12 18.711 8.20 12.98 35.20 16.48 6.42 9.53 16.52d10.26 4.51 10.25 5.25 12.91 11.77

4.47

9.52

11.27

26.11 | 26. 45

6.91

.38 9.50

.14 1.92

2.23

2.74 10.35 24.21

Total...

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

a Figures here apparently should be 17.77; those given, however, are according to the original. b Figures here apparently should be 11.32; those given, however, are according to the original. e Figures here apparently should be 3.32; those given, however, are according to the original. d Figures here apparently should be 9.57; those given, however, are according to the original.

Of the 39,658 strikers reported, 32,094, or 80.93 per cent, were males and 7,564, or 19.07 per cent, were females. These figures represent 58.62 per cent of all male employees and 65.76 per cent of all female employees in the establishments considered.

The duration of strikes in 1898 is shown by 10-day periods for each industry in the following table:

reported, 184, or 72.16 per cent, lasted 10 days or less, while but 10 lasted over 60 days. The longest strike reported continued for 153 days. The average duration of strikes was 11.18 days.

In the presentation of strikes by causes, the cause and not the strike is made the unit, and the figures, therefore, show the number of times that each cause figured as an incentive to a strike, regardless of the actual number of strikes. Thus, in 1898 there were 255 strikes, while 352 causes were enumerated. The following table shows the causes of strikes by industries:

The most frequent cause of strikes in 1898 was the demand for increased wages. Next in importance was the demand for reduced hours of labor. Of the demands relating to wages, 21.47 per cent were successful, 40.11 per cent were partly successful, and 38.42 per cent were unsuccessful. Of the demands relating to hours of labor, 33.33 per cent were successful, 26.67 per cent were partly successful, and 40 per cent were unsuccessful.

The following table shows the results of strikes in 1898, classified according to industries:

Strikes. Strikers. Strikes. Strikers. Strikes. Strikers. Strikes. Strikers.

Of the 255 strikes reported, 48 succeeded, 105 succeeded partly, and 102 failed. Of the strikers involved, 3,315 were successful, 26,356 were partly successful, and 9,987 failed.

DENMARK.

Arbejdslønnen i København med Nabokommuner i Aaret 1898. Udgivet af Københavns Kommunalbestyrelse. 1900. xx, 72 pp.

This publication gives the results of an extensive investigation undertaken by the statistical bureau of the city of Copenhagen regarding the earnings of the working people in that city and in the neighboring communes. The data relate to 104 distinct occupations, and are presented in the form of statistical tables and an analysis. The tables show the highest, lowest, and average wages paid to journeymen, unskilled workers, and women for time and piece work, the hours of labor per day, and frequency of and wage rates for overtime and Sunday and holiday labor. Comparisons are also made between wage rates in 1898 and those ascertained by a previous investigation in 1892.

GERMANY.

Die Deutsche Volkswirthschaft am Schlusse des 19. Jahrhunderts. Auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Berufs- und Gewerbezählung von 1895 und nach anderen Quellen bearbeitet im Kaiserlichen statistischen Amt. 1900. vii, 209 pp.

The present work is a résumé of the statistics contained in the 18 volumes which constitute the report of the census of occupations and industries taken June 14, 1895. It also contains such statistics as have appeared in subsequent publications of the Government, which supplement the former. Chapters are devoted to population, agriculture, manufactures, trade and commerce, and production and consumption, respectively. Summaries of the more important results of the census of occupations have been given in previous digests. (a)

GREAT BRITAIN.

First Annual Abstract of Foreign Labor Statistics. 1898-99. viii, 149 pp. (Published by the Labor Department of the British Board of Trade.)

This abstract is the first of a series to be published annually as supplementary to the Foreign Statistical Abstracts and the Annual Abstract of Labor Statistics of the United Kingdom.

The present volume deals with four subjects, namely: Wages, hours of labor, trade disputes, and cooperation. Figures relative to eleven

a See Bulletin No 8, pp. 71, 72; No. 11, pp. 498-503; No. 12, pp. 624–627.

leading countries of Europe and to the United States are included in the abstract. No attempt has been made to bring the information together in the form of comparative tables. Each country and each source is separately considered, the figures in the tables being as far as possible rearranged on the lines adopted in the reports relating to the labor statistics of the United Kingdom.

In succeeding volumes of this abstract it is intended to continue and extend the information presented in the first issue and to include available statistics relating to other subjects, such as trade unions, arbitration and conciliation, accidents, workingmen's insurance, and other matters affecting labor.

ITALY.

Statistica degli Scioperi avvenuti nell'Industria e nell'Agricoltura durante l'anno 1898. Ministero di Agricoltura, Industria e Commercio, Direzione Generale della Statistica. 1900. xli, 118 pp.

The present report on strikes and lockouts during the year 1898 is the seventh of the series prepared by the bureau of statistics of the Italian department of agriculture, industry, and commerce. It relates to disputes in the various branches of industry, including agriculture. There were 292 strikes reported, of which 36 were among agricultural employees and 256 in the other industries. Eighteen shut-downs were reported, of which 4 were lockouts.

STRIKES.-In the summary tables presented in the report only the 256 strikes in the branches of industry other than agriculture were considered. These involved a total of 35,705 strikers, and caused a loss of 239,292 working days. The following table shows the number of strikes, strikers, and days lost during each year, from 1879 to 1898, in all industries except agriculture:

STRIKES, STRIKERS, AND DAYS LOST ON ACCOUNT OF STRIKES, 1879 TO 1898.

During 1838 there were no strikes of exceptional magnitude, such as the strike of the straw plaiters of Florence in 1896 and 1897, hence while the number of strikes was greater the number of strikers and of days lost was much smaller in 1898 than during the two preceding years.