The CHAIRMAN. I gathered from your early statement that you see some danger here of a big industry, highly centralized, being under the control of interests that would exercise their power to see that both sides of the question were not shown on the screen. That could be true even with censorship, if the concern became highly monopolistic, could it not?

Mr. LAGUARDIA. Absolutely.

The CHAIRMAN. They could show only one side.

Mr. LAGUARDIA. Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. What is the answer to that?

Mr. LAGUARDIA. The answer to that is the hope that is in the breast of every liberal, that you can not stop the progress of time and that education will overcome it.

Mr. FENN. Is not the monopoly controlled by law?

Mr. LAGUARDIA. Oh, yes; theoretically, the same as we have with the press, Mr. Chairman. You can not always get both sides of a question fully stated in the press, but yet we have no censorship of the press, and we at least have some outlet and some papers that are sufficiently independent or sufficiently big to give both sides of the question.

Gentlemen, let me point to one instance where only one side of the question was shown on the screen of this country, and that is not so very long ago. That was in 1924, when we were considering the socalled Mellon plan, the first tax reduction bill. Gentlemen, you could not go to a movie picture but what you saw signs and comparative sketches, and to write your Congressman because tax reduction brings prosperity. It was used that way.

Mr. BLACK. And they showed the Garner plan, too, did they not? Mr. LAGUARDIA. I did not see much of that.

The CHAIRMAN. That brings me to a point. You brought out that statement and I wish to ask you what is the answer. Suppose that policy continued throughout the big centralized business like that, it has such potential possibilities, in the way of suggestion.

Mr. ROBSION. If that policy was followed in the Mellon plan and, as I recall, there were 408 votes in the House against the Mellon plan and only 8 for it

Mr. FENN. Nine. I was one of the nine.

Mr. ROBSION. And 60 in the Senate against it and 6 for it. I did not have much influence there.

Mr. LAGUARDIA. When you create censorship and give absolute control, then you have something that you really can not deal with. You are adding to that easel.

Mrs. KAHN. I would like to ask just incidentally a question of Mr. Upshaw. Under your bill, for instance, would the pictures of the English strike that is now going on be forbidden-that it might incite labor trouble in this country?

Mr. UPSHAW. I think it is difficult to answer that offhand. is impossible to know what the nature of the pictures would be.

It

I

hardly think this bill would touch a thing of that kind.

Mr. DOUGLASS. That would lie within the view of the individual censors, would it not?

Mr. LAGUARDIA. Certainly.

Mr. CHAIRMAN. I have nothing further.

Mr. FLETCHER. The chairman asked you what answer you have to the proposition that the moving pictures having a monopoly and they would give only one side of a thing, what is the remedy for that?

Mr. LAGUARDIA. I say that censorship certainly will not help it, and to leave it alone without censorship, the same as we have the press of this country. That is all.

Mr. FLETCHER. I believe you are a socialist, are you not?

Mr. LAGUARDIA. No.

Mr. FLETCHER. May I ask your political faith?

Mr. LAGUARDIA. I am a Lincoln Republican with the most extreme progressive tendencies.

Mr. Chairman and gentlemen, I want to say that I regret exceedingly that what I read provoked me to such an extent as to violate any of the rules of your committee. I apologize if I have done so, and as to the gentleman who made the statement, who is a good Christian, I forgive him, because I know he did not know what he was doing.

Mr. BLACK. We will forgive you for not breaking the table.

Mr. LowRY. I think the committee wants to express appreciation of that attitude of the gentleman from New York.

Mr. ROBSION. If Canon Chase did not know, then he could not have done it willfully and maliciously.

Canon CHASE. I desire to explain to Representative LaGuardia that what I said about his being engaged by the New York motionpicture men was taken from the press at the time and did not mean to imply that he was employed by the motion-picture men but had been persuaded by them to work against censorship.

Mr. UPSHAW. Mr. Chairman, may I suggest that I was called while my honorable colleague was speaking, and I certainly regret not being able to hear him. He and I are on good personal terms, and I want to be permitted to say as my last word on this business that all of his brilliant portrayal of the educational value of the screen about coal and furniture and everything were all written and said by me long before he uttered them. We were not protesting against those things and that it is necessary to put impure and unclean and devilish and hurtful things in a picture in order to make it educational, and I give this other word that there is not one suggestion in either of these bills that proposes to lay its hands upon the press and all other influences of education which he discusses. All on earth we are seeking to do is to emancipate the wonderful moving-picture business as an educator and as an entertainer and as a general inspiration to the American public with the unclean things left out.

The CHAIRMAN. The committee will now go into executive session, (Whereupon, at 11.30 o'clock a. m., the hearing was concluded and the committee convened in executive session.)

APPENDIX I

PROPONENTS

List of citizens and organizations who have filed petitions in favor of the bills in order in which submitted:

Mrs. Lucy H. McDonald, principal and faculty of 28 teachers, Chattanooga High School, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mr. L. Henderson, principal, and 20 teachers, East Fifth Street School, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Miss Thyra Mulholland, teacher, Pittsburgh, Pa.

John Loeffler, principal, and his faculty, Cary School, Detroit, Mich.
Rev. J. C. Hanley, president, Sayre College, Lexington, Ky.

Miss Edna C. Lapsley, principal, and 25 teachers, Main Street Public School, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mr. J. P. McCallie, headmaster, The McCallie School, Chattanooga, Tenn. Mrs. P. G. Walters, president, Parent-Teachers' Association, Fountain City, Tenn.

J. L. Beck, chairman legislative committee, Parent-Teachers' Association, Flushing, Ohio. Mrs. A. L. Stevenson, president, Central Council of School Clubs, Evanston, Ill.

Mary R. Caldwell, chairman, Tennessee Film Council, Chattanooga, Tenn. Rev. William Sheafe Chase, general secretary, Federal Motion Picture Council in America (Inc.), Brooklyn, N. Y.

Louise Horton, chairman legislative committee, Royal Oak Woman's Club, Royal Oak, Mich.

Miss Virginia B. Solbery, secretary, The Young Woman's Auxiliary, Woman's Club, Evanston, Ill.

Miss Louise W. Pierce, member, the Woman's Club, Evanston, Ill.
Mrs. H. H. Hitt, president, Glenellyns Womens' Club, Glenellyns, Ill.

Mrs. Ralph Wilcox, president, and 23 members, Upper St. Clair Women's Club, Brookside, Pa.

Mrs. F. R. Gross, member legislative committee, Royal Oak Woman's Club, Royal Oak, Mich.

Mrs. I. C. Van Dyke, secretary, the Woman's Literary Club, Winona Lake, Ind.

Miss Florence Tomkins, corresponding secretary, Home Study Club, Detroit, Mich.

Eva K. Bowlley, president, and 50 mothers, the Pleasant Hour Club, Waynesburg, Pa.

Charlotte F. McDowell, president, Royal Oak Woman's Club, Royal Oak, Mich.

Mrs. W. R. Skiles and 17 members, Get Together Club of Bethel and Upper St. Clair, Bridgeville, Pa.

W. S. Fleming, superintendent, Illinois Civic League, Chicago, Ill.

Miss May V. Roberts, president, Virginia Asher Council, Chattanooga, Tenn. Mrs. Vulosko Vaiden, corresponding secretary, Washington-Custis Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Baltimore, Md.

Mrs. Elwood Mattson, recording secretary, Fort Dearborn Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Evanston, Ill.

Mrs. R. Newton Logan, regent, John Ross Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Bernice Amanda Miller, director, the Young Women's Christian Association of Chicago, Ill.

Viola Hovey, president and 300 members, University of Chicago Dames, Chicago, Ill.

Clara C. Hickey, and 30 members, Pallestine Women's Association, affiliated with Palestine Lodge (Masonic), Detroit, Mich.

H. P. Smith, junior secretary, Lancaster Law and Order Society, Lancaster, Pa.

Mrs. Wm. Allan, corresponding secretary, Women's Independent Voters Association, Detroit, Mich.

Mrs. Maynard M. Hart, chairman, and 40,000 members, board of religious organizations, St. Louis, Mo.

Clara W. Cochrane, president, Lexington Federation of Church Women, Lexington, Ky.

Mrs. W. E. Hunt, president, and 160 members, Cumberland Presbyterian Missionary Society, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mrs. Robert W. Pryor, president, Churchwomen's Federation, Louisville, Ky. The Woman's Union of the University Baptist Church, Thirty-fifth and Charles Streets, Baltimore, Md.

Henry P. Hamill, conference secretary, the Christian Education Movement, Washington, D. C.

George B. Mangold, educational director, the Church Federation of St. Louis, St. Louis, Mo.

Mary Clarkson, president, Federated Church Women of Milwaukee County, Wis.

Mrs. A. B. Smith, president, and 6,000 members, the Woman's Missionary Society, Tennessee Conference Methodist Episcopal Church, South Nashville, Tenn.

Mrs. C. C. Brand, corresponding secretary, and 400 members, Centenary Church Woman's Missionary Society, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mrs. W. B. McMillen, member, Woman's Home Missionary Society, Ann Arbor Methodist Episcopal Church, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mrs. S. G. Oberson, corresponding secretary Home Missionary Society, Royal Oak, Mich.

Mrs. F. G. Schleicher, president Woman's Home Missionary Society, Methodist Episcopal Church, Ann Arbor, Mich.

Mary Lynde, corresponding secretary Federation of Woman's Missionary Societies, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mrs. G. C. Jones, secretary Woman's Missionary Conference, North Mississippi Methodist Episcopal Church South, Grenada, Miss.

Mrs. William F. Pew, president Woman's Home Missions Auxiliary, Cheboygan, Mich.

Mrs. T. C. Camon, president, and 25 members, Woman's Home Missionary Society, Royal Oak Methodist Episcopal Church, Royal Oak, Mich.

Mrs. Melvin Deer, corresponding secretary Woman's Home Missionary Society, Birmingham, Mich.

Mrs. J. H. Dodds and 88 members, Women of the Missionary Society, United Presbyterian Church, Denver, Colo.

Rev. G. E. Cameron, pastor, and congregation, Lafayette Park Methodist Episcopal Church, St. Louis, Mo.

1. Rev. J. B. Phillips, pastor and superintendent of Sunday school, Highland Park Baptist Church, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Rev. Myron E. Van Ornum, pastor Grace Methodist Episcopal Church, Tupper Lake, N. Y.

Rev. Ivan Lee Holt, pastor St. John's Methodist Episcopal Church South, St. Louis, Mo.

Rev. Joseph Tuma, pastor, and congregation of 200 members, First Methodist Episcopal Church, Cheboygan, Mich.

Rev. Ambrose M. Bailey, pastor First Baptist Church, Seattle, Wash.

Rev. Vaughan S. Collins, pastor Bethany Methodist Episcopal Church, Cape Charles, Va.

Rev. Edwin Dingman, pastor Plum Creek Evangelical Lutheran pastorate, Snydertown, Pa.

Rev. DeWitt M. Benham, pastor Central Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Md. Rev. Owen S. Fowler, pastor Presbyterian Manse,, Bakerstown, Pa.

Rev. William C. S. Pellowe, pastor East Grand Boulevard Methodist Episcopal Church, Detroit, Mich.

Rev. Murray C. Reiter, pastor Bethel Presbyterian Church, Bridgeville, Pa. Rev. Edwin J. Randall, executive secretary, bishop, and council, diocese of Chicago, Ill.

Dr. Finley C. Spates, pastor, and congregation, East Presbyterian Church, St. Paul, Minn.

Rev. L. L. Evans, pastor Centenary Methodist Episcopal Church South, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Marie Bowen, secretary Chattanooga area, Methodist Episcopal Church, Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mrs. Flora Kays Hanson, President, and 600 members, W. C. T. U. of Evanston, Ill.

Mrs. David Forsyth, President W. C. T. U. of Larimir, Pa.

Mrs. Minnie L. Green, President W. C. T. U. of Petersburg, Tenn.

Mrs. Adeline Casterton, President W. C. T. U. of Marion, N. Y.

Mrs. Dollie Galloway, President Gilwreath W. C. T. U., Nashville, Tenn.

Mrs. Henry S. Mooney, President W. C. T. U. of Lake Placid, N. Y.

Mrs. W. C. Hagan, President Davidson County, W. C. T. U., Nashville, Tenn. Miss Sara Settle, President W. C. T. U., Young Peoples Branch, Nashville, Tenn.

Mrs. H. E. Dryden, President W. C. T. U. of Phoenix, N. Y.

Mrs. DeWitt Williams, Corresponding Secretary W. C. T. U. of North Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mrs. Laura V. Ward, President Ramsey County, W. C. T. U., St. Paul, Minn. Mrs. H. H. Hitt, President Glenellyn, Illinois W. C. T. U.

Mrs. H. S. Madland, Director Moving Pictures, and 8,000 members W. C. T. U. of St. Paul, Minn.

Miss Helen M. Gardenier, Corresponding Secretary W. C. T. U. of Hannibal, N. Y.

W. C. T. U. of Batavia, N. Y., 625 members.

Elizabeth Bert, President W. C. T. U. of Minetto.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union of Wrightstown, Pa.

Mrs. Ward E. Dowd, President W. C. T. U. of New Haven, N. Y.

Amy S. Rice, President W. C. T. U. of Hannibal, N. Y., Oswego County Division.

Mrs. B. J. Butler, President, and and 60 members W. C. T. U. of Hector, Minn. Mrs. John Sparks, Secretary W. C. T. U. of Pine River, Minn.

Mrs. James H. Burrow, Corresponding Secretary W. C. T. U. of Chattanooga, Tenn.

Mrs. W. L. Goforth, President W. C. T. U. of Big Sandy, Tenn.

Mrs. Elizabeth D. Collins, President and 150 members of W. C. T. U. of Winchester, Tenn.

Mrs. Kenneth Rawlings, President W. C. T. U. of Sevierville, Tenn.
Mrs. Grace G. Ash, President W. C. T. U. of Montour Falls, N. Y.

Mrs. T. M. Crenshaw, Corresponding Secretary W. C. T. U. of Memphis, Tenn.

Mrs. Alice Wheeler, President W. C. T. U. of Watkins, N. Y.

Mrs. H. E. Tyler, President and 115 members W. C. T. U. of Plattsburg, N. Y. Mrs. A. G. Pettit, President Somerset W C. T. U. of Albany, N. Y.

E. S. Ish, Secretary Executive Board, comprising 8 unions, W. C. T. U. of Shawnee Co., Kansas.

Mrs. Lilla Bathurst, Superintendent W. C. T. U. of Clarendon, Pa.

Miss Lenore Franklin, secretary and 80 members. The Francis Willard W. C. T. U., Yakima, Wash.

Mrs. Addie Lillis, president W. C. T. U. of Orwell.

Mrs. T. J. Denson, president W. C. T. U. of Leoma, Tenn.

Mrs. Annis Beals, president W. C. T. U. of Greenback, Tenn.

Mrs. Clara A. Hecox, president and 17 members, W. C. T. U. of Maple Run, Ind.

Miss Edith G. Whiting, president W. C. T. U. of East Washington, Wash. Mrs. Emma Jackson, corresponding secretary W. C. T. U. of Goshen, Ind. Mary Sayers, president and 48 members, Willard W. C. T. U. of Waynesburg, Pa.

Mrs. W. E. Stone, recording secretary W. C. T. U. of Clinton County, N. Y. Mary E. Anderson, corresponding secretary W. C. T. U. of Luzerne County, Pa.

Augusta C. Hinton, director W. C. T. U. of Bowling Green, Ky.

Mrs. Elsie M. Brown, secretary and 42 members, W. C. T. U. of Hancock, Minn.

Mrs. Sue L. McCreary, secretary W. C. T. U. of Westminister, Pa.

Mrs. Mary S. Parry, president and 58 members, W. C. T. U. of Waynesburg, Pa.

Lella M. Sewall, director W. C. T. U. of Brookline, Mass.

Mrs. Etta F. Hesock, president W. C. T. U. of Newfane, Vt.

Mrs. Gratia E. Davidson, Windham County W. C. T. U., Newfame, Vt. Mrs. Hannah G. H. Pickering, president Langhorne W. C. T. U., Woodbourne, Pa.

Mrs. Rose McQuown, publicity superintendent W. C. T. U. Bowling Green, Ky.

Dr. Lilian W. Johnson, corresponding secretary and 10,000 members, Tennessee W. C. T. U., Monteagle, Tenn.

Mrs. M. R. Porter, superintendent legislative committee W. C. T. U. of Clearfield Pa.

Mrs. W. B. Christine, legislative superintendent W. C. T. U. of Lackawanna County, Pa.

Mrs. Minnie A. Welch, president Tennessee W. C. T. U., Chattanooga, Tenn.
Mrs. G. L. Bressler, president W. C. T. U. of Chattanooga, Tenn.
Mrs. Matie W. Jones, treasurer Michigan W. C. T. U., Dearborn, Mich.

Mrs. Josephine Moore, president Hamilton County W. C. T. U., Chattanooga, Tenn.

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