Summary showing, for the islands, the March annual enrollment of non-Christian pupils for the last five years, together with the increase or decrease over the previous

Summary showing, for the islands, the classification of classroom teachers, principals, and supervisors on duty in September, 1930

1 Includes supervising teachers, division and special supervisors, traveling model teachers, and teachers on special detail in the general office.

? Does not include the director of education, 5 specialists, 33 division superintendents, and 6 division superintendents on special detail in the general office.

Does not include the assistant director of education, 20 division superintendents, the assistant superintendent of city schools, the head teacher for Batanes, and 1 division superintendent on special detail in the general office.

The Annual Report of the Secretary of War for 1930 says:

Progress along educational lines continues. The insular government allotted nearly $10,500,000 for school purposes in 1930, or over 25 per cent of the total revenues. There was also an increase in school appropriations from provincial and municipal sources, and an increase over the preceding year of more than $200,000 from voluntary contributions. Enrollment in vocational schools constantly grows larger. The total enrollment in the public schools was 1,212,946 in 1930 as compared with 1,161,367 for the previous year. Seven hundred new primary classes were opened during the year providing places for about 35,000 additional children in these grades.

With regard to higher education, there are four universities in the Philippine Islands with an annual enrollment of about 15,000. It is a well-known fact, that the first university under the American flag in point of antiquity is found in the Philippine Islands. The University of Sto Tomas was established in Manila 25 years before Harvard University was opened in the United States.

Mr. CROSS. I understood you to say there are 25,000. I understand there are 28,000

Mr. ROXAS (interposing). I think so, for in addition to more than 25,000 municipal teachers there are 1,796 insular teachers, making a total of 28,000. I quoted the report of the Director of Education for 1930, and I believe the gentleman is correct.

To indicate the culture of the Filipinos, I mentioned the fact that we had a university in the Philippines before Harvard University was opened, and that is important. But there is another fact. I do not know how accurate this information is, but it has been affirmed by reliable historians that the first printing press under the American flag was established in the Philippines.

Mr. LozIER. Is it not a fact that before Magellan went to the Philippine Islands the natives had a written language and a culture, and that Spain, as she did in Mexico and Peru, destroyed much evidence of that culture on the ground that it was of Pagan origin? Mr. ROXAS. You are right, sir.

Regarding health and sanitation, there is a hospital in Manila_today that was founded in 1596. I do not know how old the oldest hospital in the United States is, but San Juan de Dios Hospital in Manila is the oldest in the Far East. Besides this hospital, many other charitable institutions were organized in the Philippine Islands more than three centuries ago. One of the first activities of the American Government upon the inception of American sovereignty was the establishment of an efficient health service.

I shall request permission to insert in the record detailed data showing the present organization of the health service and present health conditions in the Philippines.

The CHAIRMAN. If there is no objection, that will be ordered.

Mr. Roxas. They are all official documents. I shall give you the result of that system from the birth and death rates per thousand in the Philippines and also the number of marriages. My figures are for 1930. Marriages were 12.34 per thousand, births were 38.65 per thousand, and deaths 22.78 per thousand. The death rate in that year was higher than the death rate in 1929 or 1928, because in 1930 we had a small outbreak of cholera and measles. However, government reports will show that cholera and dysentery have practically been stamped out. Malaria is still found in the unpopulated sections, around virgin forests and swamps.

PRESENT HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Thus the health activities were carried on by the following: (1) Division of communicable diseases; (2) division of hospitals, dispensaries, and laboratories; (3) division of metropolitan sanitation; (4) division of provincial sanitation; (5) division of sanitary engineering, (6) office of the executive officer and personnel; (7) office of the assistant to the director; (8) office of general inspection; (9) office of vital statistics; (10) office of property; and (11) office of records and finance. The former division of Mindanao and Sulu was merged to that of provincial sanitation. This organization again suffered another modification in that, in 1926, two other sections were created, (1) the section of malaria control, which, on April 1, 1928, became a division of malaria control, and (2) the section of leprosy. In 1927 another section was added, and that was the section of public health education and publicity. (Fajardo, Jacobo, Problems of Health and Sanitation under an Independent Philippines, p. 7.)

I will now quote from the report of the Secretary of War with regard to health conditions in the Philippines in 1930. He says:

Health conditions were in general good. There was a slight rise in the annual death rate over 1929, which the Governor General attributes to the advent of both cholera and measles in epidemic form and an increase in the number of deaths due to tuberculosis. Throughout the islands there were over 5,094 cases of cholera with 3,074 deaths. A better understanding of sanitary measures and prompt vaccination of masses of the population prevented this disease from spreading as widely as in previous epidemics.

The Governor General of the Philippine Islands substantiates this assertion. I shall not take time to read his report on the subject; however, I should like to say that the whole Health Service, practically all of it, is in the hands of Filipinos and Filipino officials. The Director of the Bureau of Health is a Filipino, and he is assisted by about 522 medical men and 2,083 nonmedical men. In 1930 we had 44 hospitals scattered over the different Provinces with a total bed capacity of 3,742. We also had Government asylums and psychopathic hospitals with a total bed capacity of approximately 1,000.

GENERAL SITUATION

No disease appeared in alarming magnitude. In general, health condition was satisfactory. If an increase of the general death rate was noted, it might have been but a mere fluctuation of the natural trend of the mortality curve. Dysentery appeared as slight outbreaks in Manila and some municipalities. These outbreaks, however, may be just reasonably compared with those of previous years. If they have during the year constituted the main events of our concern, it is simply because we are now paying more attention to these problems, which, in the past, due to pressure of bigger calamities, such as the epidemics of cholera, smallpox, plague, etc., were paid but a meager attention. A fall in mortality was noted in typhoid fever, malaria, and measles, and a rise in dysentery, tuberculosis, beriberi, respiratory diseases (broncho-pneumonia, pneumonia, and bronchitis), nephritis, diseases of early infancy (congenital debility and premature birth), and diarrhea and enteritis. As a result of the rise of mortality of this latter group of diseases, there was a slight increase in the general mortality. The death rate as estimated from partial returns and based on estimated Christian population (10,956,589) is 22.18, two points higher than the rate in 1928 and 1.17 over the average rate for the past five years. The infant mortality rate was also slightly higher. The estimated rate is 165.03 as against 150.03 in 1928 and 154.02, the average for the past five years. (Aguilar, E. D., Résumé of Public Health Progress in the Philippines During 1929, p. 1.)

In making a survey of public-health achievements during the last eight years, one would note outstanding and substantial progress, both in the urban and the rural communities. Some paramount constructive improvements have been accomplished and advanced methods introduced, consistent with local conditions and circumstances, some of which may be mentioned the economic capabilities, the educational and cultural attainments of the people, and the environmental peculiarities of given locality. The following figures of annual births and deaths, in terms of Christian population, are indicative of such a public-health progress: TABLE 1.-Showing the birth and death rates per 1,000 in all Philippines

(Fajardo, Jacobo, Public Health Progress in the Philippines During the Past Eight Years, Appendix II, pp. 2-3.)

Before leaving the subject of education, I would like to refer again to the use of the English language in the Philippines. I was asked yesterday whether, upon a grant of independence, the Filipinos would abandon English as their official language, and I said they would not. I desire to reiterate that statement and give my reasons. First, because our system of public instruction is conducted in English

from the lowest grade to the university, and, second, because our political structure has been built up on the foundation of English. It would be very difficult for the Filipinos to understand their present political institutions if they used a different language. I do not know whether gentlemen of the committee understand what I mean but you have heard it said in the United States that English is the language of democracy. That may be just a broad statement, but we who live in the Philippine Islands and have seen our democratic institutions grow in our lifetime, associate the English language with that progress in such a way that all our official dealings are carried on in English not only because that is the official language but because we find it more convenient for that purpose.

Before I leave the matter of public health, I would like to read in the record statistics on leprosy and the wonderful work that is being done in the Philippine Islands in the treatment of leprosy. I do not want to burden the record with a great deal of information on this subject, because it can be found in other government reports, but I desire to make of record that during the year 1930 the following number of cases were declared negative and released from segregation in our different leprosariums: Culion, 399; Cebu, 73; San Lazaro Hospital, 37; Iloilo, 11; making a total of 520.

The following is the leper population as of December 31, 1930: Culion leper colony, 5,431; Eversley childs treatment station, 434; leper department of San Lazaro Hospital, 510; western Visayas treatment station, 160; Bicol treatment station, 205; detention camps, 109; making a total of 6,849.

Mr. JENKINS. Is that Chaulmoogra oil treatment the predominating treatment there now?

Mr. ROXAS. Yes. There was on December 31, 1930, a leper population of 6,849 and during the year 520 of those were declared negative. Mr. UNDERHILL. That is less than half that were being treated five years ago. I think there were 12,000 five years ago.

Mr. Roxas. I do not think so, although I am not sure. I believe that our leper population has not been more than 8,000 or 9,000, but I may be mistaken.

PHILIPPINE CIVIL SERVICE

In regard to our civil service, on December 31, 1930, there were 456 Americans and 21,248 Filipinos permanently employed in the civil service, as compared with 471 Americans and 20,332 Filipinos for the preceding year, or a decrease of 15 in the number of Americans, but an increase of 916 in the number of Filipinos. Among the 471 Americans, 282 are in the bureau of education, 22 are in the constabulary, 17 are in the bureau of public works, and 50 are in the police department. These figures will show the extent to which the government of the Philippines is actually in the hands of the Filipinos.

If the chairman will grant my request, I would like to insert in the record statistics showing the number of civil-service employees and the number of Americans in the different departments of the govern

ment.

The CHAIRMAN. If there is no objection, the matter will be inserted.

Americans and Filipinos in the Philippines civil service on December 31, 1930, and the salaries paid 1

The following employees are not included: Temporary and emergency employees; enlisted men of the Philippine Constabulary; and persons compensated by fees only.

2 Deduct 5 Americans and 545 Filipinos for persons counted more than once by reason of holding more than one position.