ter; wrote pamphlets attacking Washington, believing him ungrateful for Paine's services; established a French community of "Theophilanthropists," 1797; returned to the United States, 1802; lived in New York during his last years, and was viewed with suspicion because of his anti-religious writings and his drinking habits; died July 8, 1809. Paine's writings include: Common Sense, 1776; The Crisis (16 pamphlets), 1776-83; The Rights of Man, 1791-92; The Age of Reason, 1794-95 (part 3, 1807); Letters to Citizens of the United States, 1802; besides very many political and social pamphlets.

There have been various editions of Paine's works; the standard is now that of Moncure Conway (1894-96), who also wrote the Life of Paine, 1892. For criticism, see M. C. Tyler's Literary History of the American Revolution and Stephen's History of English Thought in the 18th Century.

ANN RADCLIFFE (née Ward) was born in London, July 9, 1764. She married William Radcliffe, subsequently proprietor of the English Chronicle, in 1787; began to write fiction in 1789; after 1797 ceased to write for publication, excepting a memoir of travels; died February 7, 1823. Her writings include: A Sicilian Romance, 1790; The Romance of the Forest, 1791; The Mysteries of Udolpho, 1794; The Italian, 1797; A Journey through Holland and the Western Frontier of Germany, 1795. A few other works were published posthumously.

Mrs. Radcliffe's novels have been frequently reprinted, especially The Mysteries of Udolpho; a convenient edition of this was published by Routledge, 1891. For biography, see Garnett's article in the D. N. B.; for criticism, Beers's History of Romanticism in the 18th Century and Raleigh's English Novel.

SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS was born at Plympton-Earl's, Devonshire, July 16, 1723. He was educated only at the grammar school; early showing talent for drawing, he was apprenticed in 1740 to the painter Hudson; soon became successful as a painter of portraits; studied in Italy, 1749-52; was so much sought after, on his return, that in 1759 he had 156 sitters; became a friend of Garrick, Goldsmith, and Johnson; founded the Literary Club, commonly called Dr. Johnson's Club, 1763 or 1764; was made President of the Royal Academy on its foundation in 1768; delivered several discourses to its members and students; was knighted in April, 1769; continued to paint actively till the failure of his eyesight, in 1790; died February 23, 1792. Reynolds's only writings were the Discourses delivered at the Academy, and the few papers he contributed to Dr. Johnson's Idler series.

The Literary Works of Sir Joshua Reynolds were published by Bohn, in two volumes, 1899-90, with a memoir by H. W. Beechey. See also Reynolds's Life, by Lord Ronald Gower (1902), and the article by Cosmo Monkhouse in the D. N. B.

SAMUEL RICHARDSON was born in Derbyshire, in 1689. He received but little education, but early became known among his friends as a skillful letter-writer; in 1706 was apprenticed to a stationer; later learned the printing business, and in 1719 took it up for himself; printed various periodicals, and the Journals of the House of Commons; in 1739 engaged to write a volume of model letters for uncultivated persons, a design which led to his first novel; from this time was distinguished as a novelist, though he continued his printing business till his death, on July 4, 1761. Richardson's only important writings are the three novels: Pamela, 1740; Clarissa Harlowe, 1747-8; Sir Charles Grandison, 1753.

The best edition of Richardson's Works is in twelve volumes, 1893, with a prefatory chapter by Leslie Stephen. There are many reprints of the individual novels, some of them conveniently abridged. For biography, see Richardson's Correspondence, with biographical introduction by Mrs. Barbauld, 1804, and the life by Austin Dobson in the Men of Letters series. For criticism, see the essay on "Richardson's Novels" in Leslie Stephen's Hours in a Library; the various histories of English fiction; and J. Texte's Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit in Literature (English translation, 1899), an important account of the connection of Richardson with the "sentimental movement" of the period.

LORD SHAFTESBURY (ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER, third Earl of Shaftesbury) was born in London, February 26, 1671. He was tutored by the philosopher Locke; traveled and studied on the continent; was Member of Parliament, 1695-98; succeeded to the earldom in 1699; took part in politics as a Whig, but owing to a weak constitution avoided much activity; spent a year in Holland, 1703-04; resided chiefly in the country; went to Italy for his health in 1711, and died there on February 15, 1713. Shaftesbury's works are his miscellaneous essays, especially on philosophical and ethical themes; the chief ones were collected in his Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times, 1711.

There is an excellent edition of the Characteristics, edited by J. M. Robertson, 1900. For biography, see the Life, Unpublished Letters, and Philosophical Regimen of Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury, by Benjamin Rand, 1900; for criticism, Leslie Stephen's History of English Thought in the 18th Century.

TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT was born in Dumbartonshire, Scotland, in March, 1721. He studied medicine at Glasgow, and was apprenticed to a surgeon in 1736; in 1739 went to London and sought to produce a tragedy he had written; obtained a position as surgeon in the West India squadron, 1741, and spent some time in Jamaica; settled as a surgeon in Westminster, 1744; wrote some pamphlets and satires; began his work as a novelist in 1748, and continued to divide his time between medicine and literature; edited the Critical Review from 1756 and the British Magazine from 1760;

undertook the innovation of publishing a novel as a serial in the latter periodical; engaged in many editorial undertakings, for aid in which he employed a corps of small writers; traveled on the Continent for his health, 1763-65; grew morose and embittered, and became involved in many quarrels; again went abroad, and died in Italy, September 17, 1771. Smollett's works include: Roderick Random, 1748; Peregrine Pickle, 1751; Ferdinand Count Fathom, 1753; Complete History of England, 1757–58; Sir Launcelot Greaves, 1762; Travels through France and Italy, 1766; History and Adventures of an Atom, 1769; Expedition of Humphrey Clinker, 1771.

The best edition of Smollett's novels is in twelve volumes, 18991900, edited by Saintsbury. For biography, see his Life by David Hannay, in the Great Writers series; for criticism, Thackeray's English Humourists, and the various histories of fiction.

RICHARD STEELE was born in Dublin, in March, 1672. He attended Charterhouse School, London, and Merton College, Oxford, leaving in 1694 without a degree; entered the army, and became a captain; began to write for the stage in 1701; was appointed state gazetteer in 1707; founded The Tatler in 1709; lost his gazetteership on account of political activity, 1710; joined Addison in The Spectator, 1711; engaged in political pamphleteering; was elected Member of Parliament, 1713, but was expelled the next year for "seditious libel"; engaged in various journalistic undertakings; on the accession of George I received several sinecure offices from the crown; was Member of Parliament again in 1715, and in the same year was knighted by the king; in 1719 engaged in a political quarrel with Addison; retired to his estate in Wales in 1724, and died there, September 1, 1729. Steele's writings include The Christian Hero, 1701; contributions to The Tatler, 1709-11; to The Spectator, 1711-12; to The Guardian, 1713; four comedies; and many pamphlets and shortlived periodicals.

There is no standard collection of Steele's works. For The Spectator, see Addison; The Tatler has been admirably edited by G. A. Aitken (four volumes, 1898). There are also well-edited volumes of selections from Steele in the Athenæum Press series (ed. G. R. Carpenter) and the Clarendon Press texts (ed. Austin Dobson). The authoritative biography is G. A. Aitken's (1889); see, for briefer use, the article by Dobson in the D. N. B. For criticism, see the references under Addison.

LAURENCE STERNE was born in Tipperary, Ireland, November 24, 1713. He attended school at Halifax, and Jesus College, Cambridge (B. A., 1736); entered the church, and received the vicarage of Sutton-in-the-Forest, which he held from 1738 to 1759; spent much time at York, and at Skelton Castle, the home of his friend Hall-Stevenson, with a social club which came to be called "The Demoniacs"; quarreled with his mother, and neglected her during her last years; contributed to Whig journals; was unfaithful to his

wife, who became temporarily insane; after the publication of the first volume of Tristram Shandy went to London and enjoyed his fame; received the living of Coxwold, and moved there in 1760; went to France for his health, 1762, and enjoyed a brilliant reception in Paris society; returned to England in 1764, buta gain visited the Continent, October, 1765, on the "sentimental journey;" from 1766 engaged in a prolonged flirtation with Mrs. Eliza Draper, the wife of an India official, and wrote for her the Journal to Eliza; was always in doubtful health, and, his weakness increasing, he died in London lodgings, March 18, 1768. Sterne's writings include The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, 1759–67; Sermons of Mr. Yorick, 1760-69; A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, 1768; and various letters, published posthumously.

The best edition of Sterne's Works is edited by Saintsbury (six volumes, 1894). There are also a convenient two-volume edition in Macmillan's Library of English Classics, and various reprints of Tristram and the Sentimental Journey. A critical biography was written by H. D. Traill for the Men of Letters series, but the authoritative Life is now that of W. L. Cross (1909). For criticism, see Thackeray's English Humourists; an essay by E. H. A. Scherer, in Essays on English Literature; an essay by Leslie Stephen, in Hours in a Library; an essay by P. E. More, in Shelburne Essays, third series; and the work by Texte cited under Richardson.

JONATHAN SWIFT was born at Dublin, November 30, 1667. He attended Trinity College (B. A., 1686); on going to England lived with Sir William Temple at Moor Park, and acted as his secretary; made unsuccessful efforts in poetry; entered the church, 1694, and received a living near Belfast; returned to Moor Park, 1696, and employed himself in study and in preparing Temple's memoirs for publication; made the acquaintance of Esther Johnson ("Stella"), a member of Temple's household; on Temple's death, in 1699, returned to Ireland, and resided there, in various ecclesiastical positions, for the rest of his life; made, however, frequent and sometimes prolonged visits to England; in 1701 was followed to Ireland by Stella, who thereafter resided near him till her death in 1728; in England became a friend of Addison and Pope, and had some influence in courtly circles as a powerful pamphleteer, at first on the Whig side, later on the Tory; became Dean of St. Patrick's, 1713, but was disappointed in his hopes of a bishopric; was rumored to have been married to Stella, but the facts remain uncertain; in 1724 successfully opposed the introduction into Ireland of the currency called "Wood's Halfpence," by his Drapier Letters; joined Pope and Arbuthnot in the writing of the "Scriblerus" Miscellanies; after Stella's death became increasingly bitter and misanthropic, and after 1738 exhibited signs of mental decay; in 1742 was committed to the care of guardians; died October 19, 1745. Swift's works include: A Tale of a Tub, with an account of a Battle between the Ancient and Modern Books, 1704; Argument on the Abolishing of Christianity in England,

1708; Miscellanies in Prose and Verse, 1711; Letters concerning the Brass Halfpence ("by M. B. Drapier"), 1724; Travels . . . by Lemuel Gulliver, 1726; Miscellanies in Prose and Verse (with Pope), 1727-29; Collection of Genteel and Ingenious Conversation, 1738; and very many pamphlets embodying discussions of English and Irish affairs and theological and social satire.

The standard edition of Swift's Works was made by Walter Scott; the second edition of this was reprinted in 1883. There are good volumes of selections edited by Henry Craik (Clarendon Press) and F. C. Prescott (Holt and Co.), and many reprints of Gulliver's Travels (one of the best being that in the Temple Classics). Swift's life has been written by Leslie Stephen, for the Men of Letters series, and by Henry Craik (1885). See also the important work by J. Churton Collins: Swift, a Biographical and Critical Study, 1893. Additional criticism may be found in Thackeray's English Humourists, and in an interesting essay in Miss Vida Scudder's Social Ideals in English Letters.

HORACE WALPOLE (fourth Earl of Orford) was born in London, September 24, 1717 (O. S.). He was educated at Eton and at King's College, Cambridge, leaving in 1739 to make a tour of the Continent in company with Thomas Gray; quarreled with Gray, and they separated in 1741, but were afterward reconciled and remained close friends; became Member of Parliament, and held several sinecure offices through the influence of his father, Sir Robert Walpole, prime minister; in 1747 took a house at Twickenham, and began the development of a pseudo-Gothic residence, "Strawberry Hill"; established a private press there, where were printed Gray's poems and many other books; remained in Parliament till 1767, but took little part in politics; spent much time in letter-writing; succeeded to the earldom of Orford in 1791; died in London, March 2, 1797. Walpole's writings include: A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, 1758; Anecdotes of Painting in England, 1762-71; The Castle of Otranto, 1764; The Mysterious Mother, a Tragedy, 1768; besides the hundreds of letters published posthumously.

Walpole's Letters were collected by Peter Cunningham, in eight volumes, 1891; a more complete edition was made by Mrs. Paget Toynbee, in sixteen volumes, 1903-05. The Castle of Otranto is most accessible in the reprint in Cassell's National Library. For biography, see Austin Dobson's Horace Walpole, a Memoir, 1890. An agreeable selection from the letters, with comments, forms L. B. Seeley's Horace Walpole and his World. For criticism, see Macaulay's essay on Walpole, Leslie Stephen's essay in Hours in a Library, and (for The Castle of Otranto) Beers's History of Romanticism in the 18th Century.

JOSEPH WARTON was born at Dunsfold, Surrey, in April, 1722. He went to Winchester School and Oriel College, Oxford (B. A., 1744); entered the church, and was his father's curate; wrote poetry