BIOGRAPHY OF DR. JOHN E. NAUGLE, ASSOCIATE ADMINIstrator for SPACE SCIENCE

Dr. John E. Naugle is Associate Administrator for Space Science in NASA Headquarters. As Head of the Office of Space Science, Dr. Naugle administers the Physics and Astronomy, Planetary Exploration, Lunar and Launch Vehicles and Propulsion program areas.

Before assuming his position as Associate Administrator for OSS in October 1967, he was Deputy Associate Administrator for the (then) Office of Space Science and Applications (Science). He was assigned this post in May 1966.

From June 1962 until May 1966 he was Director of Physics and Astronomy Programs in the Office of Space Science and Applications. As such he was in charge of those programs which use spacecraft and sounding rockets to explore the Earth's environment, study the Sun and make astronomical observations.

Prior to that he served for a year as Chief of Physics, Physics and Astronomy Programs, Office of Space Sciences. His NASA service began in 1959 when he became Head of the Nuclear Emulsion Section at Goddard Space Flight Center. From 1956 to 1959 he was Senior Staff Scientist at the Convair Scientific Research Laboratory, San Diego, California.

Dr. Naugle was born February 9, 1923, in Belle Fourche, S. D. He earned a B.S. degree in Physics in 1949, M.S. in 1950 and PhD. in 1953 at the University of Minnesota. He was a research associate and physics instructor at the University from 1953 to 1956.

Dr. Naugle is the author of several scientific and technical papers and is a member of the Physical Society, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and Sigma Xi.

Dr. and Mrs. Naugle and three children live at 7211 Rollingwood Dr., Chevy Chase, Maryland.

STATEMENT OF DR. JOHN E. NAUGLE, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR SPACE SCIENCE, ACCOMPANIED BY DR. GEORGE M. LOW, DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR; VINCENT L. JOHNSON, DEPUTY ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR SPACE SCIENCE; AND RICHARD DANIELS, DIRECTOR OF PROGRAM REVIEW AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Dr. NAUGLE. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I am accompanied here at the table by Dr. Low, by Mr. Vincent Johnson, who is a Deputy Associate Administrator for Space Science, and by Mr. Richard Daniels, who is Director of our Office of Program Review and Resources Management. In addition I have with me the Division Directors in OSS, who are responsible for our major programs.

You have a detailed statement which we have submitted and which I will now summarize.

The CHAIRMAN. Very good. The full statement will be put in the record.

Also I have here a copy of a report entitled, "National Launch Vehicle Summary 1972." It describes the launch vehicles now used by both NASA and DOD in their space programs. Since there are many questions about these vehicles, I propose that it be printed, at an appropriate place, in the hearing record.

Without objection, that will be done. (See p. 670.)

Dr. NAUGLE. Mr. Chairman, it is an honor and a privilege to present the NASA space science program to this committee.

The Office of Space Science (OSS) is responsible for using the techniques of space flight, both manned and automated, to increase man's knowledge of the universe and the laws that govern its behavior. We are responsible also for providing transportation into space for all

of NASA's automated spacecraft and, for the meteorological and communications satellites of other agencies as well as the scientific and applications satellites of several foreign countries.

HIGHLIGHTS OF 1972

Nineteen hundred and seventy-two has been a good year for Space Science. Among the highlights of 1972 was a perfect record of 16 consecutive successes for our launch vehicles-the first such year in our history.

MARINER 9

Mariner 9, the Mars Orbiter, was a major scientific highlight of 1972. Mariner 9 went into orbit about Mars in November 1971 at a time when the planet was almost completely obscured by a gigantic duststorm. That storm abated in January 1972 and Mariner 9 started sending back more than 7,300 pictures that would ultimately give us a complete map of Mars and completely change our previous concept of that planet.

ASTRONOMICAL LABORATORY

Another outstanding event took place in August 1972 when we placed into orbit a large astronomical observatory with a 36-inch quartz mirror which we named Copernicus to celebrate the 500th anniversary of the birth of that well-known astronomer.

Since we appeared before this committee last spring, we have had to make several changes in the program we presented at that time.

BUDGET CHANGES IN OSS

By midyear it became clear that we had underestimated the cost in fiscal year 1973 of actions taken in response to failures of the Delta and Atlas-Centaur vehicles. In response to this situation, we increased funding for Launch Vehicle procurement and steps were taken to curtail effort in other parts of the OSS program, resulting in delays in the High Energy Astronomy Observatory (HEAO), Helios-B, and a number of Explorers. The Congress was notified of these changes to the operating plan in October 1972.

SUSPENSION OF HEAO PROGRAM

A second major change in the fiscal year 1973 program plan took place in January of this year in response to the Government-wide requirement to reduce Federal expenditures. At that time, we took the severe step of suspending work on the HEAO project. The decision to suspend work on HEAO does not reflect a change in our priority or the priority of the scientific community. However, since HEAO was still largely in the design phase, it was possible to suspend work on this project with minimal loss of funds. We intend to reconfigure the HEAO program and to postpone accomplishment of some of the scientific objectives. The OSS budget has been reduced substantially below previous plans and expectations in order to help hold total Government spending to the targets set by the President.

As a result, we will move toward accomplishing our objectives in space science somewhat more slowly than we had hoped. However, we have a vigorous program that is consistent with the resources available. We will accomplish what we have started, including the Viking project to orbit and to land on Mars in 1976. We will place more emphasis on smaller spacecraft, such as the Explorers and Pioneers. We will continue our studies of new high priority missions such as Pioneer-Venus, a project to explore Venus with orbiters and probes.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING SOLAR SYSTEM

Why is it important to study the solar system-the Sun, the planets and their satellites, and the space between them? If you consider the solar system from the vantage point of the orbit of Neptune or Pluto. the two outermost planets, you see it as a disc 8 billion miles across with a bright star, the Sun, at its center. Circling about this central star at various distances are nine planets and their accompanying satellites all held in common bondage by the nuclear furnace at the center. No two planets are the same, and there are also wide differences among their satellites. Each is at a different stage of development. has a different history, and will have a different future. Taken together, the solar system is a laboratory rich in the number and variety of its specimens. By studying all of them, one learns more about each one. The Moon and Mars give clues to the past history of the Earth. as do chemical processes taking place on Jupiter. We can better predict what may happen to our atmosphere, through pollution, for example, if we know the dynamics of the atmospheres on Mars and Venus.

Earth-bound telescopes tell us a part of the story, but our knowledge is increased many thousandfold by spacecraft that photograph the planets from orbit and by those that land and explore the physical characteristics of the atmosphere and the surface. A botanist would not confine his research to one strain of wheat when he has thousands of plants at his disposal. In similar manner, in order to better understand the Earth, we should learn all we can about the celestial bodies that are within our reach.

SUN-EARTH RELATIONS

Of greatest importance is the Sun: It provides most of our energy: it controls our weather; it disturbs our communications and affects us in hundreds of ways. The more we know about the Sun and how it influences the Earth, the more we can predict what will happen on Earth.

Beyond the solar system is a vast universe with billions of suns different from our own where we can observe energy processes of such immense magnitude as to dwarf those of our Sun.

I would like now to say a little more about some of the principal scientific accomplishments of the past year.

SUCCESS OF MARINER 9

Mariner 9 was put into orbit about Mars late in 1971. The windmillshaped, solar-powered spacecraft circled the planet 698 times in 349

days before being shut down October 27, 1972, after completely photographing the Martian surface. As the spacecraft's television cameras watched the seasons change below, its scientific instruments returned a wealth of data that have revised all previous concepts of Mars. Mariner 9 has rewritten the textbook on Mars and has shown it to be a much more dynamic, changing planet than it was previously believed to be. Mariner 9's findings laid the groundwork for America's next venture to Mars, the Viking expedition in 1975-76, which will search for evidence of life on the planet.

If I could take a moment, I have some pictures on the easel that illustrate what we have learned from Mariner 9. (Fig. 221.)

As I mentioned earlier, through the use of Mariner 9, we have. napped the entire surface of Mars.

Three spacecraft had previously flown by Mars. One had flown by ver this heavily cratered area here; the other two had flown by ver a similar cratered area. As a result of the areas they flew over, hey gave us the concept that Mars was a "dead" cratered planet similar

o the Moon.

What Mariner 9 has shown is that Mars is a dynamic planet.

Here you see three volcanoes. To the left is a fourth, very large volcano which is a feature on Mars which has been known to astronmers for 100 years or more as Nix Olympica.

In the center of the map you see a major rift canyon. The only thing hat is comparable to this on the surface of the Earth is the great rift anyon that runs north and south along the African Continent.

One segment of the large canyon with two high resolution pictures is on the large display. This mosaic of the canyonlands has an outline of the U.S. to illustrate the impressive size of this canyon system. In places, it is over 6 km (20,000 ft) deep, and about 250 km (over 150 mi) wide. The canyon was probably formed either by faulting caused by movements of the crust or by subsidence of the subsurface material. After the initial process, the system was widened and deepened by the same erosional processes that are evident in other areas.

One of the very interesting results that came out of Mariner 9 pictures was evidence for flow of some sort. (Fig. 221B.) This picture shows what looks like an arroyo that you see in the

desert.