United States intercontinental ballistic missiles (Atlas, Titan and Minuteman), as well as the Thor intermediate range ballistic missile. The laboratories also initiated Pioneer 4, the nation's first space probe.

In July 1958, Dr. Fletcher organized and was first president of the Space Electronics Corp., at Glendale, California, with his associate, Frank W. Lehan.

Space Electronics Corp. developed and produced the Able Star stage of the Thor-Able space carrier and had grown to 300 employees by 1960 when controlling interest was sold to Aerojet General Corp.

A year later, Space Electronics Corp. was merged with the spacecraft division of Aerojet to form the Space General Corp. Dr. Fletcher was responsible for the formation of this new corporation and was its first president. He later became Chairman of the Board of Space General and Systems Vice President of Aerojet General Corp. He served in this dual capacity until July 1, 1964 when he resigned to become the eighth president of the University of Utah.

In his career as a research scientist, Dr. Fletcher developed patents in areas as diverse as sonar devices and missile guidance systems. He continues his interest in science through national committee work, having served on more than 50 national committees and as chairman of 10.

In March 1967, Dr. Fletcher, after serving as a consultant since its inception in 1958, was appointed by President Johnson to membership on the President's Science Advisory Committee, on which he served for several years.

He was a member of the President's Committee on the National Medal of Science; and of several Presidential Task Forces, the most recent being the Task Force on Higher Education.

He is a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and a member of the Board of Trustees of the Theodore von Karman Memorial Foundation. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Astronautical Society, a member of the Cosmos Club and a member of the Board of Governors of the National Space Club.

He received the first Distinguished Alumni Award to be given by California Institute of Technology and an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from the University of Utah. Dr. Fletcher served higher education as a member of the Executive Committee of the National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges.

He is the fourth man to head the nation's civilian space agency which came into being October 1, 1958. The first Administrator was Dr. T. Keith Glennan, then president of Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland. He was succeeded in 1961 by Mr. James E. Webb, a former Director of the Bureau of the Budget and Under Secretary of State, who served until 1968. Dr. Fletcher's immediate predecessor was Dr. Thomas O. Paine, who resigned September 15, 1970, to return to the General Electric Company after heading NASA since October 1968.

Dr. Fletcher is married to the former Fay Lee of Brigham City, Utah, and they are the parents of four children, three girls and a boy: Virginia Lee, Mary Susan, James Stephen and Barbara Jo. The Fletchers reside at 7721 Falstaff Road, McLean, Virginia.

BIOGRAPHY OF GEORGE M. Low, DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR, NASA

Dr. Low is an aeronautical engineer who has devoted his entire career to the government's aeronautical and space programs. He began his career as a research scientist at the Lewis Research Center of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics in Cleveland, specializing in the fields of heat transfer, boundary layer flows, and internal aerodynamics.

When the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was organized in October 1958, he was named Chief of Manned Space Flight. At NASA Headquarters in Washington. he was responsible for the Mercury and Gemini programs and was chairman of the special committee that formulated the original plans for the Apollo manned lunar landing. He became more directly involved with manned space flight operations when he was named Deputy Director of NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston in 1964.

Following the Apollo fire in January 1967, he was asked to direct personally the Apollo Spacecraft Program to supervise the rebuilding of the vehicle and to assure its flight worthiness. He played a leading role in planning and executing all of the Apollo missions and originated the plans for Apollo 8, the first manned lunar orbit flight. During the time Dr. Low directed the program, five manned

flights were flown, including Apollo 11 in July 1969, the first manned lunar landing.

In November 1969, Dr. Low was appointed Deputy Administrator of NASA by President Nixon, in which position he presently serves. From September 1970 to May 1971 he served as Acting Administrator of NASA.

Dr. Low was born in Vienna, Austria, in June 1926, and became a naturalized citizen in 1945 while serving in the U.S. Army. He received a Master of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1950 and an Honorary Doctorate in Engineering in 1969. He is a Fellow in the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics and in the American Astronautical Society, a Member of the National Academy of Engineering and a Trustee, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

He has received many special honors, including NASA's Outstanding Leadership Medal, NASA's Distinguished Service Medal twice, the Arthur S. Flemming Award as one of the ten outstanding young men in government, the AAS Space Flight Award, the Louis W. Hill Space Transportation Award from AIAA, and the National Space Club's Astronautics Engineer Award, the Arnold Air Society Paul T. Johns Trophy, for his contributions in aeronautics and astronautics, the Robert H. Goddard Memorial Trophy, and the National Civil Service League's Career Service Award for Sustained Excellence.

BIOGRAPHY OF WILLIS H. SHAPLEY, ASSOCIATE DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR, NASA

Willis H. Shapley, Associate Deputy Administrator, serves as a principal assistant to the administrator and Deputy Administrator of NASA. His specific duties include supervision of the functional staff offices for Public Affairs, Congressional Affairs, International Affairs, and Department of Defense and Interagency Affairs.

Prior to joining NASA on Sept. 1, 1965, Shapley served as Deputy Chief of the Military Division of the Bureau of the Budget, which he joined in 1942. His assignments dealt with defense programs, especially military research and development, and with aeronautics and space programs. In addition to that work, he served as special assistant to the Director for space program coordination.

Shapley was born in 1917 in Pasadena, Calif. He attended Harvard College and the University of Chicago, and received an A.B. degree from Chicago in 1938. From 1938 to 1942 he did graduate work and research in political science and related fields at the University of Chicago.

He has received the Rockefeller Public Service Award (1956), the Bureau of the Budget Director's Exceptional Service Award (1963), and NASA's Distinguished Service Medal (1969). He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and the author of papers relating to research and development, and space programs.

Mr. and Mrs. Shapley (the former Virginia Bishop) reside at 3040 P Street, NW., Washington, D.C. They have two daughters, Sarah of Philadelphia, Pa., and Deborah of Boston, Mass.

BIOGRAPHY OF WILLIAM E. LILLY, COMPTROLLER, NASA

William E. Lilly was appointed to this position on January 3, 1973. Prior to this appointment he had served as Assistant Administrator for Administration at NASA Headquarters since March 1967. In addition to agency budgeting and financial planning, analysis, and control, Lilly is responsible for the Office of Facilities and the Office of Supply and Equipment Management.

Lilly joined NASA, February 1960, as Chief, Plans and Program Coordination, Office of Launch Vehicle Program and was subsequently appointed Director of Program Control for the Office of Manned Space Flight.

Prior to joining NASA Lilly was Assistant to the Director, Plans and Programs, Special Projects Office, Department of the Navy, from 1956 to 1960. He was Deputy Budget Officer at the National Bureau of Standards from 1954 to 1956, Head of Estimate and Analysis Section at the Navy Bureau of Ordnance from 1952 to 1954 and a budget and program analyst with the Navy Ordnance Test Station, California, from 1950 to 1952.

Lilly graduated from the University of California in 1950 with highest honors in the School of Political Science. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Pi Sigma

Alpha. Lilly also completed a year of graduate work at the University of California.

Lilly served in the Navy from 1940 to 1946 and holds the Navy Unit Commendation and served in the American, Asiatic-Pacific and Philippine Liberation campaigns.

Lilly was born at Liberty, Texas, August 25, 1921. He is married to the former Blanche E. Bromert. The Lilly's have two children and live at 2762 South Ives Street, Arlington, Virginia.

BIOGRAPHY OF THOMAS P. STAFFORD (BRIGADIER GENERAL, USAF) DEPUTY DIRECTOR, FLIGHT CREW OPERATIONS

Born September 17, 1930, in Weatherford, Okla. His mother Mrs. Mary Ellen Stafford, is a resident of Weatherford. He graduated from Weatherford High School, Weatherford, Okla.; received a Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1962; recipient of an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Oklahoma City University in 1967, an Honorary Doctorate of Laws from Western State University College of Law in 1969, an Honorary Doctorate of Communications from Emerson College in 1969, and an Honorary Doctorate of Aeronautical University in 1970.

He is married to the former Faye L. Shoemaker of Weatherford, Okla. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Earle R. Shoemaker, reside in Thomas, Okla. They have two children, Dionne, born July 2, 1954 and Karin, born Aug. 28, 1957.

His hobbies include handball, weight lifting, and swimming. He holds membership in the American Astronautical Society, the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, and the Explorers Club.

He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, two NASA Exceptional Service Medals, the MSC Certificate of Commendation (1970), the Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings, and the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross; and co-recipient of the AIAA Astronautics Award, the 1966 Harmon International Aviation Trophy, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award (1969), and an Honorary Lifetime Membership in the American Federation of Radio and Television Artists.

Stafford, an Air Force Brigadier General, was commissioned in the U.S. Air Force upon graduation from Annapolis. Following his flight training, he flew fighter interceptor aircraft in the United States and Germany and later attended the USAF Experimental Flight Test School at Edwards Air Force Base. Calif. He served as Chief of the Performance Branch at the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School at Edwards and was responsible for the supervision and administration of the flying curriculum for student test pilots. He was also an instructor in flight test training and specialized academic subjects-establishing basic textbooks and directing the writing of flight test manuals for use by the staff students. He is co-author of the Pilots Handbook for Performance Flight Testing and the Aerodynamics Handbook for Performance Flight Testing. He has logged more than 6,000 hours flying time, which includes more than 5,000 hours in jet aircraft.

General Stafford was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. He served as backup pilot for the Gemini 3 flight. On Dec. 15, 1965 he and command pilot Walter N. Schirra were launched into space on the history-making Gemini 6 mission which performed the first rendezvous in space by rendezvousing with the already orbiting Gemini 7 crew. Gemini 6 returned to earth on Dec. 16, 1965, after 25 hours, 51 minutes, and 24 seconds of flight.

Stafford made his second flight as command pilot of the Gemini 9 mission. During this 3-day flight which began on June 3, 1966, the crew performed three different types of rendezvous with the previously launched Augmented Target Docking Adapter; and pilot Eugene Cernan logged two hours and ten minutes outside the spacecraft, in extravehicular activity. The flight ended after 72 hours and 20 minutes with a perfect reentry and recovery as Gemini 9 landed within 0.4 nautical miles of the designated target point and 11⁄2 miles from the prime recovery ship USS WASP. (This is the closest entry and touchdown of any manned flight.) Following Gemini 9, Stafford served as backup commander for Apollo 7.

He was spacecraft commander of Apollo 10, May 18-26, 1969, the first comprehensive lunar-orbital qualification and verification flight test of an Apollo lunar module. Stafford was accompanied on the flight to the moon by John W. Young (command module pilot) and Eugene Cernan (lunar module pilot). In accomplishing all assigned objectives on this mission, Apollo 10 confirmed

the operational performance, stability, and reliability of the command/service module/lunar module configuration during translunar coast, lunar orbit insertion, and lunar module separation and descent to within 8 nautical miles of the lunar surface. The latter maneuver employed all but the final minutes of the technique prescribed for use in an actual lunar landing permitted critical evalnations of the lunar module propulsion systems and rendezvous and landing radar devices during completion of the first rendezvous and re-docking maneuvers in lunar orbit. In addition to demonstrating that man could navigate safely and accurately in the moon's gravitational fields. Apollo 10 photographed and mapped tentative landing sites for future missions.

In his three space flights, Stafford has completed five rendezvous and logged 290 hours and 15 minutes in space. As Chief of the Astronaut Office from August 1969 through May 1971, he was responsible for the coordination, scheduling, and control of all activities involving NASA astronauts. General Stafford was designated Deputy Director of Flight Crew Operations in June 1971. In this management capacity, he assists in directing the activities of the Astronaut Office, the Aircraft Operations Office, the Flight Crew Integration Division, the Crew Training and Simulation Division, and the Crew Procedures Division. General Stafford will command the United States flight crew for the ApolloSoyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission tentatively scheduled for launch in July 1975. He will be making his fourth journey into space in the joint United States-Soviet Union earth orbital mission, which is designed to test equipment and techniques that will establish international crew rescue capability in space, as well as permit future cooperative scientific missions.

BIOGRAPHY OF CHARLES CONRAD, JR. (CAPTAIN, USN) NASA ASTRONAUT Born on June 2, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended primary and secondary schools in Haverford, Pennsylvania, and New Lebanon, New York; received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from Princeton University in 1953, an Honorary Master of Arts degree from Princeton in 1966, an Honorary Doctorate of Laws degree from Lincoln-Weslyan University in 1970, and an Honorary Doctorate of Science from Kings College, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, in 1971.

He married the former Jane DuBose of Uvalde, Texas; her parents, Mr. and Mrs. W. O. DuBose, reside in Uvalde.

They have four children, Peter, born Dec. 25, 1954; Thomas, born May 3, 1957; Andrew, born Apr. 30, 1959; Christopher, born Nov. 26, 1960.

His hobbies include golf, swimming, water skiing, and automobile racing. He is a Fellow of the American Astronautical Society, and the New York Academy of Science; and Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the Society of Experimental Test Pilots.

He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, two NASA Exceptional Service Medals, the Navy Astronaut Wings, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and two Distinguished Flying Crosses; recipient of Princeton's Distinguished Alumnus Award for 1965. the U.S. Jaycee's 10 Outstanding Young Men Award in 1965, the American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award for 1966, Pennsylvania's Award for Excellence in Science and Technology in 1967 and 1969, the Rear Admiral William S. Parsons Award for Scientific and Technical Progress in 1970, the Godfrey L. Cabot Award in 1970, the Silver Medal of the Union League of Philadelphia in 1970, and the FAI Yuri Gagarin Gold Space Medal and the De La Vaulx Medal in 1970, and the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Special Trustees Award in 1970.

Conrad entered the Navy following graduation from Princeton University and became a naval aviator. He attended the Navy Test Pilot School at Patuxent River, Maryland, and upon completing that course of instruction was assigned as a project test pilot in the armaments test divsion there. He also served at Patuxent as a flight instructor and performance engineer at the Test Pilot School. He has logged more than 6,000 hours flight time, with more than 4,800 hours in jet aircraft.

Captain Conrad was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In August 1965, he served as pilot on the 8-day Gemini 5 flight. He and command pilot Gordon Cooper were launched into earth orbit on August 21, and proceeded to establish a space endurance record of 190 hours and 56 minutes. The flight, which lasted 120 revolutions and covered a total distance of 3,312,993

statute miles, was terminated on August 29, 1965. It was also on this flight that the United States took over the lead in manhours in space.

On Sept. 12, 1966, Conrad occupied the command pilot seat for the 3-days Gemini 11 mission. He executed orbital maneuvers to rendezvous and dock in less than one orbit with a previously launched Agena and piloted Gemini 11 through two periods of extra vehicular activity performed by pilot Richard Gordon. Other highlights of the flight included the retrieval of a nuclear emulsion experiment package during the first EVA; the establishment of a new world space altitude record of 850 statute miles; the completion of the first tethered station-keeping exercise, in which artificial gravity was produced; and the completion of the first fully automatic controlled reentry. Gemini 11 was concluded on Sept. 15, 1966, with the spacecraft landing in the Atlantic-2 miles from the prime recovery ship USS GUAM. He was subsequently assigned as the backup spacecraft commander for the Apollo 9 flight.

Conrad was spacecraft commander of Apollo 12, Nov. 14-24, 1969. With him on man's second lunar landing mission were Richard F. Gordon (command module pilot) and Alan L. Bean (lunar module pilot). In accomplishing all of the mission's objectives, the Apollo 12 crew executed the first precision lunar landing, bringing their lunar module, "Intrepid," to a safe touchdown in the moon's Ocean of Storms; and performed the first lunar traverse deploying the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package (ALSEP), installing a nuclear power generator station which would provide the power source for long-term scientific experiments, gathering geologic samples of the lunar surface for return to earth. and completing a close-up inspection of the Surveyor III spacecraft. Throughout the 31-hour lunar surface stay by Conrad and Bean, Richard Gordon remained in lunar orbit abroad the command module, "Yankee Clipper," photographing landing sites for future missions. Apollo 12 lasted 244 hours and 36 minutes and was concluded with a Pacific splashdown and subsequent recovery operations by the USS HORNET.

Captain Conrad has completed three space flights, logging a total of 506 hours and 48 minutes in space-of which 7 hours and 45 minutes were spent in EVA on the lunar surface. He has been designated to serve as commander for the first Skylab mission-first manned flight in the Skylab Program with a planned duration of 28 days.

STATEMENT OF DR. JAMES C. FLETCHER, ADMINISTRATOR, NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION, ACCOMPANIED BY DR. GEORGE M. LOW, DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR; WILLIS H. SHAPLEY, ASSOCIATE DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR; WILLIAM E. LILLY, NASA COMPTROLLER; BRIG. GEN. THOMAS P. STAFFORD, U.S. AIR FORCE, COMMANDER, U.S. CREW, APOLLOSOYUZ TEST PROJECT; CAPT. CHARLES CONRAD, JR., U.S. NAVY, COMMANDER, FIRST SKYLAB MISSION; RICHARD C. MCCURDY, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; ROY P. JACKSON, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR AERONAUTICS AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY; CHARLES W. MATHEWS, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR APPLICATIONS; DALE D. MYERS, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR MANNED SPACE FLIGHT; DR. JOHN E. NAUGLE, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR SPACE SCIENCE; GERALD M. TRUSZYNSKI, ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION; AND H. DALE GRUBB, ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR FOR LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS Dr. FLETCHER. Mr. Chairman and members of the committee, we are very pleased to have this opportunity to appear before the committee today as your hearings on the fiscal year 1974 NASA author