neering programs of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and the Advanced Research Projects Agency.

This does not mean that I personally conduct and manage their programs in minute detail. If there are any differences among any of the departments of ARPA, or if there is a conflict of views on the direction of any major program or policy decision, then, as his principal research and engineering adviser, I am consulted before a final decision is made. There are approximately 2,000 projects, backed up by tens of thousands of tasks and subtasks. The annual cost for this research and engineering program is approaching $6 billion.

During the course of managing this huge program there are bound to be honest differences of opinion. In a program as vital and dynamic as research and engineering, in which we have the extremely capable and well-qualified program managers that we do have in the military departments and ARPA, one can expect keen competition and a high degree of enthusiasm.

Our job in the Office of the Secretary of Defense is to see to it that the competition between the military services is kept within reasonable bounds and that only the most promising development programs are permitted to go into the costly production phase.

Admittedly, it is difficult to exercise selectivity in the research and early development stages. Fortunately, these phases are the least expensive, since these projects, even if continued and canceled later, do not involve major sums of money and invariably add to the store of knowledge which may be of benefit to other programs. However, major decisions must be made in the costly advanced development and early production phases, where a single item may not only involve an outlay of many millions of dollars but also may have a pronounced effect not only on military strategy but on the civilian economy as well. Therefore, it is highly essential that our resources not be dissipated by the pursuit of programs which do not offer real promise of payoff. Thus, the highest degree of selectivity must be exercised in reaching decisions to continue or discontinue the development of some of the major weapons systems. The Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, which is under the administrative direction of my office, will, of course, be of major assistance in helping to arrive at these decisions.

My office has been and will continue to be engaged in the review of the proposed fiscal year 1960 research, development, test, and engineering program so that by the time the military departments and the Advanced Research Projects Agency submit their apportionment requests and the supporting program data therefor we will be in the position either to approve, disapprove, or modify these programs and projects in accordance with the authority delegated to me by the Secretary of Defense.

To conduct the review of the research, development, test, and engineering program we have a staff at the present time of 116 professional personnel who have engineering and scientific backgrounds. Of these professionals, 18 are military officers who have backgrounds in research and engineering as well as operational experience who are most useful and competent. Of all major programs, my staff conducts what amounts to an almost continuous review throughout each year.

As a basis for our review responsibility, we regularly obtain from the military departments and other Defense agencies program infor

mation which indicates the purpose and funding of each program or project. Basically, these program data are received at two points in time in each budget cycle.

For example, the program information in support of the budget estimates are received in the early fall of each year and the supporting program information for apportionment requests are received normally in June of each year.

These two submissions of program information represent the formal presentations to my office of the proposed programs of the military departments. In addition to reviewing the program data thus submitted, my staff carries on almost constant communication with their opposite numbers in the military departments who know the most about specific programs and projects; they make visits to military installations such as test ranges, proving grounds and laboratories to observe the work going on at firsthand and also visit the plants of defense contractors who are performing research and engineering work for the DOD.

These are the principal ways in which my staff keeps abreast of what is going on in the research and development area which enables them to recommend to me whether a program or project should be approved, disapproved, or modified or whether we need to initiate a program to fill a gap. Of course, my staff maintains a very close working relationship with the staff of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Comptroller, and with representatives of the Bureau of the Budget.

I would like now to turn to a discussion of the fiscal year 1960 research, development, test, and engineering program. Since Mr. McNeil will go into greater detail on the changes leading to the establishment of the new research, development, test, and engineering appropriation title, I will confine my comments to the nature of the programs under each of the budget classifications.

Military sciences: This activity includes basic research in the physical and life sciences, generally supporting research of military importance, operations research, and the development of new materials, components, and techniques. This includes Army programs in chemical, biological and medical research; research in fuels, materials, and propellants; food research, environmental research, and studies; electronics research; personnel research; operations research; and logistics studies.

Navy programs include research in a wide variety of the scientific disciplines, with particular emphasis on physics; operations research; research in training techniques; medical research; electronics research; and various programs for fuels, materials, and propellants.

The Air Force is the largest and includes such additional items as systems planning studies; considerable effort on flight medicine and related environmental studies; the operations and logistics studies conducted by Rand: and the technical information exchange represented by ASTIA. The advanced research work of ARPA in the field of propellants and other work related to space programs and the research and testing programs of DASA are also included under this activity. I just might interpolate, DASA means the Defense Atomic Support Agency and is the new name for what we used to call AFSWAP, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project. It is the group that runs the nuclear weapons tests and the weapons effects experiments.

Aircraft and related equipment: This activity includes work on airframes, engines, armament, and communications, navigation, bombing, fire control, and other installed equipment. Major programs in-. cluded for the Army are vertical and short-takeoff aircraft, including an aerial jeep, and related engine programs.

The Navy has programs on new ASW and fleet air defense aircraft; airborne ASW detecting equipment; aircraft escape and survival devices; and specific programs in aircraft materials components and testing.

The Air Force has such programs as the X-15 hypersonic research aircraft; the B-70, F-108, the boost-glide Dynasoar, and major component work on the aircraft nuclear propulsion program.

Missiles and related equipment: This activity includes strategic, tactical, air defense, and special purpose missiles, test vehicles and related equipment. Specific items covered include the Army's tactical Pershing and Sergeant missiles; the surface-to-air Hawk; and the antimissile system Nike-Zeus.

The Navy has the solid propellant, submarine-launched Polaris; the Tartar and the Eagle air defense missiles; and the Corvus tactical missile.

The Air Force has the liquid propellant ICBM's Atlas and Titan and the solid propellant Minuteman; the air-launched Hound Dog missile; the surface-to-air Bomarc; and the air-to-air Falcon.

Military astronautics and related equipment: This activity provides for the conduct of programs in space technology for military purposes and the investigation of specific applications of space vehicles. The Advanced Research Projects Agency is the primary sponsor of these programs and on specific assignment by the Secretary of Defense is conducting work on space projects of military interest, such as reconnaissance, communications, navigation, and early warning of ballistic missile attack.

Ships and small craft and related equipment: This activity provides for programs in the ships and small craft area. In the Navy this activity does not cover the procurement of ships but includes work on advanced engines and propulsion machinery; communications, data systems, detection, countermeasures, and other shipboard electronic equipment; catapults; arresting gear and other installed equipment. The Army has a very small program concerned with marine craft for transport, reconnaissance, and assault use.

Ordnance, combat vehicles, and related equipment: This activity includes a wide range of weapons, ammunition, vehicles, and related items. The Army has the largest program, which includes the airborne assault weapon for reconnaissance and related missions, the T-195 and T-196 self-propelled amphibious howitzers, Pentomic assault weapon (Shillelagh) as the main battle tank, and air-transportable armored multipurpose vehicle family, Gores-type trucks, the Vigilante light AA weapon system, Little John rocket system, Davy Crockett battle group weapons, numerous small arms and ammunition improvements, and various CW and BW munitions developments.

The Navy program emphasizes antisubmarine weapons and includes mines, depth charges, torpedoes, bombs, rockets, and related items such as Asroc, Subroc, and Astor. Specialized weapons and support vehicles for the Marine Corps are also provided.

The Air Force program is concerned with munitions, including rockets, bombs, and specific significant weapons such as an improved Genie air-to-air atomic rocket.

Other equipment: This activity includes a wide variety of equipment not specifically identified with the other activities discussed. Army programs include telecommunications equipments, radio communications equipments, electronic countermeasures, combat surveillance equipments, materials handling equipment, clothing and shelters, food and container items, construction machinery, mine detectors, bridges, mapping and geodetic equipment, and nuclear powerplants. Navy programs include navigation, detection, and warning equipment; harbor defense equipment; shore-based antisubmarine and mine countermeasures systems; clothing and oxygen equipment; and photographic equipment. The Air Force program includes the work at Lincoln Laboratories in air-defense equipments, data-handling equipment, aircraft control and warning equipment, various photographic equipments, and the Air Force communications system. The equipment developments of the National Security Agency are also included under this activity.

Programwide management and support: This activity provides for the operation, management, and maintenance of research and engineering facilities of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and ARPA which are not distributed directly to the other budget activities. This includes administrative and staff services, maintenance and upkeep of buildings and grounds, utilities, maintenance of administrative equipment, supply services, and other installationwide services not directly chargeable to specific projects or programs.

In addition to the above programs, I have responsibility for the separately identified items of a development, test, and evaluation nature, still carried in the procurement appropriations by the Navy and the Air Force. These programs involve a total of $1.8 billion for fiscal year 1960. Some of the major items thus supported by the Navy are the Polaris, Corvus, and Eagle missiles, aircraft engines, certain ordnance items, combat vehicles, and related equipment.

Navy separately identified items amount to almost $282 million. In its separately identified account amounting to $1.6 billion, the Air Force is supporting such items as the B-70, F-108, B-59, and early warning aircraft, plus such missiles as the Titan, Atlas, Minuteman, and Bomarc.

I would like to state that the DOD research and engineering effort is closely coordinated with the other research programs of the Federal Government wherever appropriate. We work closely with the Atomic Energy Commission on all research, engineering, and testing concerned with application of atomic energy to military uses.

There is constant liaison and coordination with the Department of State in the mutual weapons development program and applicable NATO activities. We have a close working relationship with the Federal Aviation Agency on research and development pertaining to communications systems related to air navigation. There is close coordination between the medical research programs of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the Department of Defense.

The National Bureau of Standards is involved in our triservice freeradicals program and our propagation of electromagnetic radiation

program. Constant liaison is maintained with the Bureau of Mines basic research on explosives.

The Department of Defense and the Department of Interior have worked together in the saline water program. The Coast Guard utilizes a good portion of the developments of the Navy and Air Force in basic aircraft equipment. We are working with the Office of Civil and Defense Mobilization on basic fire research problems and the conservation of materials programs.

The Department of Defense is interested in the Maritime Administration programs of transportation and logistics, including cargohandling research. Almost all areas of basic research conducted by the National Science Foundation are of interest to the Department of Defense, and the DOD has participated in many studies and programs conducted by the National Science Foundation, including, of course, the International Geophysical Year program.

There are many others, but I have tried to present only a few examples here to give you an idea of the many relationships that the DOD maintains with other agencies of the Federal Government in the research and engineering endeavors.

These other Government agencies are doing or sponsoring work which relates in varying degrees to the defense effort. Private industry is also spending increased sums for research and engineering in many fields where the results can be used for military as well as for civilian purposes.

I believe that all of these efforts add to a very substantial program of research and engineering for the Department of Defense and the Nation as well. I believe, further, that the program planned for fiscal year 1960 by the Department of Defense will provide the diversification and depth required to meet the needs of our military forces.

This concludes my prepared statement. I will be pleased to discuss any of the points which you desire to raise.

The CHAIRMAN. Doctor, that is an excellent statement. It is very, very comprehensive. In fact, even though it is 10 pages in length, you have just simply hit the very high points there without discussing any particular point of the program because it is so varied and so vast.

I notice here on page 1 that you say the annual cost for this research and engineering program is about $6 billion.

Dr. YORK. Approaching 6, sir.

The CHAIRMAN. Yesterday, in the defense bill we had only about $312 billion.

Dr. YORK. Yes. The difference between those two figures, sir, is that the research, development, test, and evaluation line item in the budget is about $3.6 or $3.7 billion In addition, there is about $1.8 billion in the procurement and production appropriation which is separately identified as in support of research and engineering. The two together come to $5.6 billion, which we rounded off by saying "approaching $6 billion."

The CHAIRMAN. The program is really $5.6 billion for research and development?

Dr. YORK. Yes. Sometimes it is hard to draw the line between what is research and development and engineering and what is procurement. So it gets to be a little fuzzy sometimes, but $5.6 billion is the total of the research, development, test, and evaluation effort,