AN ANONYITOUS GIFT JUL 25 1940 COMMITTEE. Chairman-The Right Hon. the LORD CHANCELLOR, F.R.S., Member of the National Institute of France. Vice-Chairman-The Right Hon. LORD JOHN RUSSELL, M.P., Paymaster of the Forces. W. Allen, Esq., F.R. and R.A.S. Rt. Hon. Visc. Althorp, M.P., Chancellor of the Exchequer. Capt. F. Beaufort, R.N., F. R. and R.A.S., Hydrographer to the Admiralty. Sir C. Bell, F.R.S.L. and E. G. Burrows, M.D. C. Hay Cameron, Esq. The Rt. Rev. the Bishop of Chichester, D.D. William Coulson, Esq. R. D. Craig, Esq. Wm. Crawford, Esq. J. Frederick Daniell, Esq. F.R.S. H. T. Delabeche, Esq., V.P. Geol. Society. Rt. Hon. Lord Denman. T. Drummond, Esq. R.E., F.R.A.S. C. L. Eastlake, Esq., R.A. Rt. Hon. Visc. Ebrington, M.P. Sir Henry Ellis, Prin, Lib. Brit. Mus. Anglesea-Rev. E. Williams. Rev. W. Johnson. Mr. Miller. Ashburton-J. F. Kingston, Esq. Bilston-Rev. W. Leigh. Birmingham-Rev.J.Corrie, F.R.S. Chairman. Paul Moon James, Esq., Treasurer. Bridport-Wm. Forster, Esq. James Williams, Esq. Bristol-J. N. Sanders, Esq., Chairman. J. B. Estlin, Esq., F.L.S., Secretary. Sir Edward Ryan. James Young, Esq. Cambridge-Rev. James Bowstead, M.A. Rev. Prof. Henslow, M.A., F.L.S. & G.S. Rev. Geo. Peacock, M.A., F.R.Y. & G.S. Rev. C. Thirlwall, M.A. Thomas Wilkinson, Esq., Secretary. William Masters, Esq. Canton-J. F. Davis, Esq., F.R.S. Carlisle-Thomas Barnes, M.D., F.R.S.E. William Roberts, Esq. Chester-Hayes Lyon, Esq. Henry Potts, Esq. Chichester-John Forbes, M.D, F.R.S. C. C. Dendy, Esq. Corfu-John Crawford, Esq. Mr. Plato Petrides. Coventry-Arthur Gregory, Esq Denbigh-John Madocks, Esq. Thomas Evans, Esq. Treasurer-WILLIAM TOOKE, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. T. F. Ellis, Esq., A.M., F.R.A.S. I. L. Goldsmid, Esq., F.R. and R.A.S. G. B. Greenough, Esq., F.R. and L.S. Rowland Hill, Esq., F.R.A.S. The Rt. Hon. Sir J. C. Hobhouse, Bart. Exeter-J. Tyrrell, Esq. John Milford, Esq. (Coaver.) Glasgow-K. Finlay, Esq. Professor Mylne. Alexander McGrigor, Esq. Charles Tennant, Esq. James Cowper, Esq. Glamorganshire-Dr. Malkin, Cowbridge. W. Williams, Esq., Aberpergwm. Guernsey-F. C. Lukis, Esq. Hull-J. C. Parker, Esq. Keighley, Yorkshire-Rev. T. Dury, M.A. Leamington Spa-Dr. Loudon, M.D. Liverpool Loc. As.-W. W. Currie, Esq. Ch Ludlow-T. A. Knight, Esq., P.H.S. Malmesbury-B. C. Thomas, Esq. Manchester Loc. As.-G. W. Wood, Esq., Ch. Benjamin Heywood, Esq., Treasurer. Newport, Isle of Wight-Ab. Clarke, Esq. R. G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Newport Pagnell-J. Millar, Esq. Newtown, Montgomeryshire-W. Pugh, Esq. J. W. Lubbock, Esq., F.R., R.A, and L.S.9, J. Herman Merivale, Esq., A.M., F.A.S. W. H. Ord, Esq. M.P. The Right Hon. Sir H. Parnell, Bart., M.P. Sir M. A. Shee, P.R.A., F.R.S. H. Waymouth, Esq. J. Whishaw, Esq., A.M., F.R.S. John Wrottesley, Esq., A.M., F.R.A.S. Norwich-Rt. Hon. Lord Suffield. Orford-Dr. Daubeny, F.R.S. Prof. of Chem. Rev. Prof. Powell, Rev. John Jordan, B.A. Rev. R. Walker, M.A., F.R.S. E. W. Head, Esq., M.A. W. R. Browne, Esq., B.A. Penang-Sir B. H. Malkin. Plymouth-H. Woollcombe, Esq., F. A. S. Chairman. Snow Harris, Esq., F.R.S. E. Moore, M.D., F.L.S., Secretary. Presteign-Dr. A. W. Davies, M.D. Rev. P. Ewart, M.A. Ruthen-Rev. the Warden of. Humphreys Jones, Esq. Ryde, Isle of Wight—Sir Rd. Simeon, Bart., M.P. Sheffield-J. H. Abraham, Esq. Shepton Mallet-G. F. Burroughs, Esq. THOMAS COATES, Esq., Secretary, No. 59, Lincoln's Inn Fields Printed by WILLIAM JACKSON, Belleville Power Press. INDEX TO VOLUME III. ABBEY, expenditure of a great one, 7. Accounts, importance of accuracy in, 451. Adjutant, or gigantic crane, voracity of, 41. Algiers, historical and descriptive account of, 490. America, account of the trade with, 6. account Appearances, false, their likeness to truth, 360. Aurora, Guido's picture of, critical notice of, 4. BACON, Lord, observations by,.172, 399. Bank of England, description of, 348. Bat, the Kalong, description of, 306. Bats, nature and habits of, 305. Bathing, cleanliness, &c., advice with respect to, 328. Bay-tree, account of, 314. Beards, observations on, 367. Beauvais, town and cathedral, account of, 67. Bedouin Arabs, narrative concerning the, 297. Best place and best friend, 184. Bills of Mortality, observations on the, 54 Birmingham Town Hall, description of, 239; organ, Bison, natural history of the, 273. Boa Constrictor, account of, 394. Bobbin-net manufacture, historical account of, 278. Book, value of a good one, 238. Books in the Middle Ages, account of, 87; remark Caspar Hauser, biographical notices of, 4/, Du, D. Chance defined, 220. Chappows of the Turkomans, account of, 146. ·· Chetah, or hunting leopard, descriptive sketch Chinese junk, description of, 9. Chili, aborigines of, 318; horsemanship in, 323. Chlamyphorus truncatus, description of, 49. Civilization, life prolonged by, 300. Cities of Silence, or Turkish burial-grounds, 236. Clocks, historical account of, 187; description of the Coaches, historical notice of, 321. 228. Commons, House of, origin of, 506; facts relating Conveniences, comparison of past and present, 180. Cornish fishermen, account of, 262. Cornwall, mines in, on the system of contracts Cromwell, Richard, anecdote of, 96. DELAY, lines on by Spenser, 399. Descent from the Cross, by Rubens, notice of, 301. Dogs used in smuggling, 195; wild, in Van Die- Domenichino, biographical sketch of, 356; his pic- Dove-Dale, description of, 108. Draught horses, English management of, 43. EARLY EDUCATION, difficulty of supplying the want East India Company, historical account of the, 84; Edward I., parliament of, 493. Election, a recent one in Greece, 14. Elephant, first arrival of one in England, 63. Entire application, necessity of, 184. Esquimaux, board and lodging of, 336; near Cape Exeter Cathedral, description and historical sketch FEASTING the poor previous to the establishment of Fire, on the means of procuring, 284. Fishmongers' Company, account of the, 57. Fugger Family, account of the, 269. GAMBIER ISLANDERS, thievish disposition of, 315; Gas, history of, 373; manufacture of, 427, 452, 458; Gaveston, Piers, detail of the circumstances con- Cenius, a definition of, 184. Ghosts, remarks on the belief in, 234.* Gibraltar, historical notice of, 19; monkeys at. 20- HAARLEM ORGAN, notice of, 386. Habit, a depraved one cured, and false prejudice Haddon Hall, description of, 263. Hair, effect of the atmosphere on, 300. Hampton Court Palace, description of, 25. Heriot, George, biographical notice of, 280. Hogarth's Works, descriptive account of, 121; Mar- Homœopathy, account of the system of, 115. Hull, historical and descriptive account of, 354. ICELAND, extraordinary article in the ecclesiastical Illuminated printing, 63. Indian chief of North Amerien, narrative of his India, Western Ghauts of, account of the wild dogs Inns and conveyances in London in 1684, 463. JAGA, or Bread-fruit tree, description of, 433. KENSALL-GREEN, cemetery at, account of, 299. Knife-grinder, by Teniers, notice of, 257. Knowledge, remarks on by Bacon and Buchanan, 360 Le Roi Boit,' by Jordaens, notice of, 499.] Luxor, obelisk of, account of its transportation! MADEIRA, description of the island of, 460. Malta, account of, 151. Mammee-tree, description of, 268. Mango-tree, description of, 81. Manilla, cigar manufactory in, description of 246. 204. Marmot, Alpine, natural history of, 247. Matrimonial forbearances, 107. Mechanics' Institutions, hints for improving, and Meerza Abul Hassan, the Persian ambassador M Suspension Brige, a ney with, 94 ative or visit to 192. in Spain, 346. of the cod of obtaining the nata from clay iroa ton, 396; different methods Mines in Cornwall, on the sued at, 500. Mirage, description of, 28. stem Mohammedan schools, account of, 434. Moonbeams, effect of at sea, 315. Morning meetings, Spanish custom of, 14. Murillo, biographical sketch of, 113. Music, observations on, 156, 170, 188; its influence Music for the Many, historical notices concerning, NAUPLIA, account of, 310. Negro character, amiable trait in, 172. 'Never too late,' applied to the cultivation of the Newcastle-upon-Tyne, account of, 185. Newfoundland dog, qualities and habits of the, 15. Newspapers, on the transmission of by post, 96. OLD TRAVELLERS: William de Rubruquis, 266 Otaheite, making friends in, 371; administration Otter, habits of, and mode of hunting, 495, 503. PAINTED CHAMBER, account of the, 458. Parliament, Houses of, historical and descriptive Parrot, the gray, anecdote of one, 119. Patronage, observations on, from the Rambler,' Pauperism, remarks on the progress of, 231. Peak Cavern, in Derbyshire, description of, 148. Perpetual motion, observations on, 2. Peter the Wild Boy, some particulars concerning, 8. Pin, new patent, account of, 8. SACKHEUSE, JOHN, the Esquimaux, biographical St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, description of, 130. Salmon-fishing on the coast of Antrim, and saga- Salt-water lake in India, description of, 222. "Place of Fire," and Naphtha Springs of Sherwan, Shakspeare's Cliff, 27. Poets in Persia, account of, 117. Pola-Phuca Waterfall in Ireland, notice of, 328. Post Office, history and present state of, 38. Presents, usages with respect to, in Persia, 319. Pyramid Cemetery, description of, 389. RATS, anecdote of, 492. Reading, advice respecting, 462. Reserve, remark on, 107. Rheims, city and cathedral, description of, 370. Roman History, impression produced by reading, Roman Piazze, or Squares, account of, 362. 332. Shaving, observations on, 386. Slate, its applicability for pavements, 96. Songs of the Seasons: the Spring Song, 96. Spider, natural history of the, 131; its process for Sponge, mode of diving for, 27. Spring, indications of, 150, 287. Stork, the White, natural history of, 89. Sueno's Pillar at Forres, description of, and his- Suspension Bridges, observations on, 439; of the Swedish peasants, their frugal fare and affection TAMARIND TREE, brief notice of, 97. Tapestry of the House of Lords, description of, Tapir, the Indian, natural history of, 193. Teniers, biographical sketch of, 258. Terriers, English and Scotch, description of, 65. Thrushes, their manner of breaking the shells of Tiger, effect of fear on a, 303. Tilbury Fort, short notice of, 64, Time-piece, a curious, 14. Treves, Black Gate of, historical sketch relating to, WALTHAM CROSS, account of, 1. Wilkinson, Isaac and John, their improvements in, Wish, verses by Rogers, 51. Wolf, character and habits of the, 169. Writing, advantages of the practice of, 463. YORK Castle and Clifford's Tower, sketch of • Young Beggar,' by Murillo, notice of, 114 8 PERPETUAL MOTION. (From a Correspondent.) An able writer in the 'Penny Magazine' has clearly his grasp. Two classes of persons are inveigled into this hopeless quest: the first is the projector, generally a man who can handle tools, and who is gifted with some small power of invention,-a faculty, as Mr. Babbage Justly observes, by no means rare, and of little use unless coupled with some knowledge of what others have done before him. Of the inventions already made, ---of the experiments which have been tried and have failed, our projector is usually profoundly ignorant. What are called the laws of mechanics, namely, general truths which were established by the observations of scientific men in times past, and which are now admitted by all who take the trouble to investigate them, le has either never heard of or chooses to set at nought without inquiry. The other class is that which finds capital. The projector, having perhaps exhausted his own funds, takes his scheme to some person who has a Little money to spare, and dazzles him with the prospects of sudden and splendid wealth: little by little he is drawn into expenses which neither of them perhaps had anticipated. Failure after failure ensues, but still all is to be right at last. The fear of ridicule, the necessity for retrieving, the one his capital, the other his credit,these motives carry them on till the ruin of both puts a termination to their folly. Unhappily, however, the stage is quickly occupied by other adventurers, profiting nothing by the fate of their precursors; and yet one would think that a very slight consideration of the subject would be sufficient to show the absurdity of the undertaking. What is the object aimed at? Is it to make a machine which, being once set in motion, shall go on without stopping until it is worn out? Every person engaged in the pursuit of the perpetual motion would perhaps accept this as a true statement of the object in view. Yet nothing is more easy than to make such a machine. There are from ten to twenty of them at work at this moment on the Rhine, opposite Mayence. These are water-mills in boats, which are moored in a certain part of the river; and, as the Rhine is never dry, these mills, which are simple in their construction, would go on for years, go on, indeed, until they were worn out. But if this instance were mentioned, the projector would perceive that the statement of his object was imperfect. It must run thus: a machine which, being set in motion, shall go on till worn out without any power being employed to keep it in motion. Probably few persons who embark in such a project sit down beforehand to consider thoroughly what it is they are about to undertake, otherwise it could hardly require much knowledge of mechanics to see the impossibility of constructing such a machine. Take as many shafts, wheels, pulleys, and springs as you please: you throw them in a heap in the corner of your room, you do not expect them to move; it is only when put if together that the wildest enthusiast expects them to be endowed with the power of self-movement; nor then unless the machine is set going. I never heard of a projector who expected his engine to set off the moment the last nail was driven, or instantly on the last stroke of the file. And why not? A machine that would continue to go of itself would begin of itself. No machine can be made which has not some friction, which, however slight, would in a short time exhaust any power that could have been employed merely for the purpose of setting it in motion. But a machine, to be of any use, must not only keep moving itself, but furnish power; or, in other words, it must not only keep in mos tion, but it must have power to expend in some labour, as grinding corn, rolling metals, urging forward a vessel or a carriage; so that, by an arrangement of parts which of themselves have no moving power, the projector expects to make a machine, self-moving, and with the power of performing some useful task! "Father, I have invented a perpetual motion!" said "It is thus: I would a little fellow of eight years old. make a great wheel, and fix it up like a water-wheel; at the top I would hang a great weight, and at the bottom I would hang a number of little weights; then the great weight would turn the wheel half round and sink to the bottom, because it is so heavy, and when the little weights reached the top, they would sink down because they are so many, and thus the wheel would turn round for ever." The child's fallacy is a type of all the blunders which are made on this subject. Follow a projector in his description, and if it be not perfectly unintelligible, which it often is, it always proves that he expects to find certain of his movements alternately strong and weak, not according to the laws of nature, but according to the wants of his mechanism. If man could produce a machine which would generate the power by which it is worked, he would become a creator. All he has hitherto done,-all, I may safely predict, he ever will do,-is to mould existing power so He can make the as to make it perform his bidding. waterfall in the brook spin his cotton, or print his book by means of machinery, but a mill to pump water enough to keep itself at work he cannot make. Absurd as it may seem, the experiment has been tried; but, in truth, no scheme is too absurd for adoption by the seekers after perpetual motion. A machine, then, is a mere conductor of power into a useful channel. The wind grinds the corn,-the sails, the shafts, and the stones are only the means by which the power of the wind can be turned to that particular purpose; so it is the heat thrown out by the burning coal which performs all the multifarious operations of the steamengine, the machinery being only the connecting links between the cause and the effect. Perhaps these remarks may induce any projector who has not yet begun, to pause on his enterprise; and may cause those who are about to advance their capital in such vain speculations, to examine the probabilities of a return for their outlay. BREAD IN THE EAST. A PERSON accustomed to the lengthened processes by which food is prepared in Europe, is considerably surprised when brought to observe the rapidity of similar preparations in the East. A sheep is killed, flayed, and cooked in the course of an hour and a half; coffee is roasted, ground, and boiled in about ten minutes; and meal is kneaded and baked-and perhaps the corn ground-in seldom more than twenty minutes. Much of this may be accounted for by the heat of the climate, by which many articles would be spoiled if kept too long previously to being used. Meat would be tainted in less than a day; the oily principle in coffee would soon be lost, and its pleasant aroma evaporate; and |