In 1918-9, the cane sugar production was estimated at 250,800 tons. The latest figures show 215,000 horses, valued at $23,000,000; 166,000 mules, $27,224,000 230,000 sheep, $1,242,000; 1,512,000 swine, $21,622,000; 378,000 cows, $25,326,000; 725,000 other cattle, $21,242,000. The last annual wool clip was 612,000 pounds. The fisheries are important, especially the oyster fisheries, there being more than 7,000 acres suitable for oyster planting. Of recent years, the annual mineral production has been around $25,000,000 in value. The chief product is petroleum, the last annual production being some 11,400,000 barrels. There are also rich sulphur deposits, which are worked. portant mineral is rock salt. Another im In 1914, there were 2,211 manufacturing establishments, employing 77,665 persons, representing an investment of $260,000,000, and paying annually in wages some $40,000,000. The chief manufacturers are concerned with sugar (including molasses), cotton-seed, rice and lumber. The population in 1910 was 1,656,388. According to the report of the 1920 census, it was 1,797,798. Of the population in 1910 about 43% was negro. The white population is chiefly descended from the early French settlers, and, in contradistinction to the other Southern states, is largely Catholic. In 1910, there were some 52,000 foreign-born, of whom more than 20,000 were Italians. In 1910, 30% of the population was urban. Recent figures show that the white school population was 310,500, of whom 222,073 were in attendance; and the negro school population was 227,500, of whom 98,000 were in attendance. There were 6,248 white teachers and 1,370 negro teachers. There are 3,023 public elementary schools and 197 high schools. Louisiana (see also Confederate States; New Orleans): Accession of, to United States, dis cussed and referred to, 346, 348, Effect of, discussed, 2878, Authority to grant or dispose of lands of Spain in, referred to, 651. Boundaries of, 372, 377, 960. Branch mint in, referred to, 1383, Cession of, to France, referred to, of, commis Fraudulent practices of monopolizing, 356. Proclamation regarding sale of, 1058. Treaty regarding security of titles Laws of, referred to, 352, 353, 406. Memorial from purchases of land in, 1029. Mint at New Orleans seized by authorities of, referred to, 3199. Possession of, commissioners appointed to receive, 355. Private land claims in, recommenda tions regarding, 4691. Proclamations against unlawful combinations in, 4161, 4166, 4177, 4230, 4250, 4259. Provisional court established in, order regarding, 3323. Restoration of, into Union, discussed, 3123, 3452. Spain, transfer of, to the United Transfer of, to United States dis- Louisiana, District of.-That part of the Louisiana Purchase which is not included in the present State of Louisiana. It was erected into a district and the capital was established at St. Louis in 1804. In 1805 it was given a separate government as the Territory of Louisiana. In 1812 the name of the Territory was changed to Missouri. Louisiana Lottery Co. discussed, 5515. Louisiana, Province of. (See Louisiana.) Louisiana Purchase.-A name applied to the territory west of the Mississippi River purchased from France in 1803. It was the most important sale of territory ever executed in favor of the United States. President Jefferson desired the acquisition of New Orleans in order to obtain control of the mouth of the Mississippi and offered to guarantee to Napoleon the territory to the west of the river in exchange. Napoleon, being at that time at war with Great Britain and greatly in need of funds, and being desirous moreover to foil England's aspirations for more territory in the United States, consented to the transfer of the so-called province of Louisiana to the United States for the sum of $15,000,000. The territory thus acquired embraced all the present State of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi River. together with New Orleans and the adjacent district east, comprising Mississippi and Alabama below the thirty-first parallel: Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, a portion of Idaho and Minnesota, all of the Dakotas, most of Kansas, all of Nebraska and Indian Territory, part of Colorado, most of Wyoming, and the whole of Montana. In 1904, the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held at St. Louis, Mo., to commemorate the acquisition of this important territory. Louisiana Purchase: Discussed and referred to, 346, 348, 350, 669, 853, 929, 957, 3255. Effects of, discussed, 2878. Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held at St. Louis, Mo., between April 30 and Dec. 1, 1904. to celebrate the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase. It was the largest World's Fair ever held, and the third of its kind in America: its grounds covered 1,240 acres, of which 250 acres were roofed over. The total amount expended upon the Exposition by the Exposition Company, the various states, foreign governments, and the concessionaries, amounted to about $44,500,000: while the total receipts came to about $25,000,000; and the Exposition closed free from debt. In point of attendance it fell below the Paris Exposition of 1900 with its 50,000,000 entrances and the World's Fair at Chicago with 27,500,000 entrances, as its attendance only totalled 18,700,000. Louisiana Purchase Exposition: Opened by proclamation of President Relations of United States Govern- Louisiana vs. Jumel.-An important Supreme Court case defining the liability of State officers. Jumel held bonds issued under an act of the Louisiana legislature of 1874 and the constitutional amendment adopted in that year. He demanded pay ment of these bonds in 1880. Payment was refused solely on the ground of obedi ence to the Louisiana State debt ordinance of the new constitution adopted July 23, 1879, and the law of 1880, carrying out provisions contained in this new constitution. This act, in the language and spirit of the ordinance, recited that coupons of consolidated bonds falling due in January, 1880, were remitted. Sult was brought against officers of the State. The Circuit Court of the State decided for the defendant, and its decision was affirmed by the United States Supreme Court on the ground that relief could not be awarded against officers obeying the supreme power of the State; that the money is the State's property, not held in trust by the officers. except in the capacity of her servants. "The political power of the State," said Chief Justice Waite in the opinion of the court, "can not be ousted of its jurisdiction and the judiciary set in its place." Dissenting opinions were rendered by Justices Field and Harlan. Louisville and Portland Canal Co., act for subscription of stock in, reasons for applying pocket veto to, 1071. Louisville, Ky., Southern Exposition at, discussed, 4773. Board on behalf of Executive Departments designated, 4819. Instructions to, 4820. Loyal Legion, Military Order of.-The Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States was organized by officers and ex-officers of the army, navy and marine corps of the United States, who took part in the War of 1861-65. Membership descends to the eldest direct male lineal descendant, according to the rules of primogeniture. There are 21 commanderies, each representing a state, and one commandery representing the District of Columbia. The total membership of the Loyal Legion is 8,880. Loyalists.-Those of the American colonists who opposed the Revolutionary War and in some instances took up arms against their countrymen in the struggle for independence. They were also called Tories. As early as 1688 parties favorable to the Crown were exerting an influence in all the colonies. As the revolutionary move. ment grew their opposition to it increased. In no colony was there an overwhelming desire for independence, and in some the advocates of revolution were in the minority. Many of the most respected and eminent men of the middle colonies were loyal to the Crown. During the progress of the war they were treated with great harshness. Their property was confiscated or destroyed: they suffered social ostracism, and some were tarred and feathered. Legislative assemblies banished them from some of the colonies. When the British troops withdrew at the close of the war Tories found life in the states unendurable and thousands retired to Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Bahamas, and other West Indies. In the treaty of peace in 1783 the British asked to have provision made for recompensating the dispossessed Loyalists. but all they received was a promise to submit the matter to the states, and they refused relief. the Lubeck: Minister of, received by United Treaty with, 988, 991, 2686, 6294. Vessels of, discriminating duties on, suspended by proclamation, 642. Lubeck, Treaty with. (See Hanseatic Republics.) Luckett and Tyler (assignees of William T. Cheatham), act for relief of, vetoed and reasons assigned, 4334. Ludlow's Code.-Named for Governor Roger Ludlow, and being a set of laws for the regulation of the New Haven Colony. Lumber Business, symptoms of monopolization of, 7539. Lumber, Lath and Shingles.-(From a report issued by the Census Bureau, August 26, 1913.) A preliminary statement of the output of lumber, lath and shingles in the United States during the calendar years 1912, 1911 and 1910. From data collected in co-operation with the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture. 33 060 651,585 The number of active mills contributing to the totals were 29,648 in 1912: 28,107 in 1911, and 31,934 in 1910; while the reported production in these years was, in M feet board measure, 39,158,414, 37,003.207 and 40,018,282, respectively. The statistics cover the output of practically every commercial mill in operation during the whole or any part of this period. AL though the reported cut was slightly less than in 1910, the average yield per mill was 5.3 per cent greater than in that year, while the total production over 1911 was 2,155,207 M feet board measure, or nearly 6 per cent. STATISTICS OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY FOR 1914 SHOW: Total Saw Mills, Logging Camps and Independent Planing Mills Ohio New Mexico Illinois 37.471 38.114 576,000 2,661,759 .$1,183,379,000 351,979,000 50,053 000 301,926,000 466,179,000 1,022,982,000 556,803,000 Waste in the logging industry in the United States amounts to 15 to 20 per cent of the timber cut, or about a billion and a half cubic feet of wood annually. Sawmill waste also amounts to several billion cubic feet of wood, although not all of it is absolute waste. STATISTICS OF THE LUMBER INDUSTRY. In 1918, the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture reported 14,753 lumber mills, cutting 29,362,000,000 feet of timber, board measurement. Of these, 777 mills cut over 10,000,000 feet, b. m., each. The following table shows the annual United States .31,890,494,000 Red gum is produced mostly in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana; yellow poplar in West Virginia and Tennessee; chestnut in West Virginia and Pennsylvania; yellow pine in Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, North Carolina, Alabama, and Arkansas; sycamore in Arkansas, Indiana, and Tennessee; lodgepole pine in Colorado and Wyoming; balsam fir in Maine, Minnesota, and Michigan; walnut in Missouri and Indiana; sugar pine in California; hickory in Arkansas and Tennessee; cottonwood in Mississippi and Arkansas; white fir in California, Nevada, and Idaho; ash in Arkansas, Wisconsin, Tennessee: Louisiana, and basswood in Wisconsin, Michigan, and West Virginia; elm in Wisconsin and Michigan; cedar in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho; beech in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Vir ginia, and New York; tupelo in Louisiana, Alabama, and Virginia; redwood solely in California; larch in Montana and Idaho; birch in Wisconsin, and Michigan: cypress in Louisiana, and Florida; maple in Michigan, Wisconsin, West Virginia, and New York; spruce in Maine, Washington, West Virginia, Oregon, Vermont, and New Hampshire; Western yellow pine in California, Oregon, Idaho, Washington, Montana, Ari- It is estimated that for the last year for which figurés are available 2,282,000,000 pieces of lath were produced in the United States and 8,697,000,000 pieces of shingle. It is estimated that some 82,800,000 cords of wood are used annually as fuel on the farms of the United States. The total stand of timber on the national forests is estimated at about 570,000,000,000 board feet. (See Forests, National.) The last annual pulpwood consumption of the United States was about 5,251,000 cords. Of this, 42% was domestic spruce and 13% was imported spruce; 16% was hemlock and 7% was balsam fir. The total eost of pulpwood at the mills was $73,000,000. There are about 250 pulpwood mills. The wood pulp produced was 3,314,000 tons. About 1,000,000 cords of pulpwood were imported during the year. Lundy's Lane (Canada), Battle of.After his defeat at Chippewa in 1814 Gen. Riall retired by way of Queenston toward the head of Lake Ontario. He was soon reenforced, and returned to attack the Americans under Brown, who had pursued him as far as Queenston. Hearing of the British Brown reenforcements, the retreated to Chippewa River, and on July 24, 1814, encamped on the south bank, where he had to defeated Riall on the 5th. On the 25th Luther vs. Borden.-In 1841 a portion of the new Luxemburg.-The territory of the Grand Physical Features.-The northern districts are crossed in all directions by outrunners of the Belgian Ardennes, and in the south are hills which form part of the plateau of Lorraine but there are extensive valleys and plains in the north, and the southern districts are mainly low lands in the basin of the Moselle, which forms its southeastern boundary. The only considerable rivers of Luxemburg are the Moselle and its tributary, the Our. History.-In 1831 the territory known as Luxemburg was divided at the Conference of London into the present Grand Duchy and the Belgian Province of Luxemburg, and from 1831 to 1890 the Grand Duchy was ruled by the Kings of the Netherlands. At the death of King William III. the operation of the Salic law transferred the sovereignty to Adolphus, Duke of Nassau, who was succeeded by his son William. By an amendment of the constitutional law of 1848, the succession was secured to the daughter of the Grand Duke William. By the Treaty of London, May 11, 1867, Luxemburg was declared neutral territory and its integrity and independence were guaranteed by the signatories. However, at the outbreak of the World War in 1914, Germany violated its neutrality by marching troops across it on the road to France. Government.-The government is that of a constitutional monarchy, the territory being declared neutral by the Great Powers of Europe by the Treaty of London (May 11, 1867). The Grand Duchy formed part of the Germanic Confederation, under the hegemony of Austria, from 1815-1866, and the impregnable fortress of Luxemburg was garrisoned by Prussian troops. By the Treaty of London the garrison was withdrawn and the fortress dismantled. The population according to the census of 1910 was 259,891. Present ruler: Her Roy al Highness Marle Adelaide, Grand Duchess of Luxemburg, born June 14, 1894; succeeded her father (the Grand Duke William) Feb. 26, 1912, attained her majority and assumed the government June 14, 1912. There is a Council of State (Staatsrat) of fifteen members and a Chamber of Deputies of fifty-three members, elected by direct vote of the Cantons for six years, one-half renewable every three years. male inhabitants of twenty-five years, who pay ten francs in direct taxes, are voters and eligible for election. All There are courts in each Canton, and District Courts at Luxemburg and Diekirch, with a Supreme Court at the Capital. There is a gendarmerie of about 180 men, and a volunteer force of 250 men for the preservation of order. Education and Religion.-Education is compulsory and free, and is widespread, the expenditure in 1912 being 2,310,340 francs. Almost all the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, there being only 4,000 The Bishop Protestants and 1,300 Jews. of Luxemburg is appointed by the See of Rome. Finance. The average annual expenditure for five years was 15,408,255 francs and the average revenue 16,345,083 francs. After the World War, the annual budget rose to some 45,000,000 francs. The debt amounts to about 46,000,000 francs, the franc being equal to $0.193 in United States currency. Production and Industry.-The country is rich in iron ore, the last annual production of iron being 1,580,000 tons and of steel, 936,000 tons. There are 325 miles of railway; 439 miles of telegraph, with 1,352 miles of wire and 356 telegraph stations: 858 miles of telephone system, with 4,700 miles of wire; and 140 postoffices. The principal town is Luxemburg, with a population of some 22,000. Luxemburg, fugitive criminals, convention with, for surrender of, 4782. Luxemburg, Treaty with. (See Extra dition Treaties.) Lynching.-The term covers punishment of alleged offenders, generally without trial, by unauthorized persons and without due process of law. Lynch law. it is said takes its name from Charles Lynch, a Virginia planter and Quaker, and his associ ates, who during Revolutionary days seized British sympathizers and hanged them by the thumbs till they shouted "Liberty forever." Outside of a few recent outbreaks in Germany, Hungary and Russia as a result of the World War, the United States holds the unenviable position of being the only advanced nation in which lynching occurs on a wide-spread scale. In the thirty years from 1889 to 1918, both inclusive, 3,224 persons were killed by lynching mobs in the United States, in addition to 181 reported lynched, but whose deaths could not be verified. Of these 3,224, 702 were white and 2,522 were negroes. Of the whites, 691 were men and 11 were women; of the negroes, 2,472 were men and 50 were womOf the total amount, the South is responsible for 2,834. en. were In 1919, there were 84 lynchings in the United States, in which 78 of the victims were negroes. Of these 31 were shot, 24 were hanged, 14 burned (3 after death) and 11 were killed in manner unknown. The chief causes were murder (27), rape (14), attempted rape (5), insulting white women (8), shooting white man (7). The leading states in lynchings in this year were Georgia (22), Mississippi (12), Arkansas (10), Louisiana (8), Alabama (8). Lynchings discussed and indemnities voluntarily provided, recommended, 5767, 6248, 6277, 6371, 6430, 6459, 6461, 7029. Lynn, Mass., act for erection of postoffice building at, vetoed, 5150. |