conducted. In the present year, however, in consequence of reinforcements having arrived from Europe, which enabled the government to act with vigour, the contest assumed a more favourable appearance than it had borne during several preceding campaigns. The troops moved in three columns, and attacked the insurgents at different points. A series of engagements followed, which were not decisive in their character, but which generally terminated in favour of the Dutch, and enabled them to hem their adversaries more closely in. On the 2nd of May an attack was made upon Pengasse, where the rebels had stationed themselves to the number of six or seven hundred men. They waited the approach of the Dutch troops with firmness, and made a vigorous resistance, but gave way and fled, when the Dutch charged with the bayonet. Another body of them was routed, about the same time, near Sepoerang, where they lost two hundred men, with all their horses and arms. The result of these operations was, that Diepo Negoro, the insurgent leader, found himself confined within a narrow district, which supplied scarcely enough of land to raise rice for his followers. He still continued, however, to keep his men together; and, while he prudently avoided any regular action in the open field, he made sudden attacks where they were least expected, and cut off small detachments which might happen to be separated from the main body. In a former volume we have given an account of the foolish • Vol. LXIX. p. 288. quarrel in which the duke of Brunswick had thought fit to involve himself with the king of Hanover, who, as his guardian, had conducted, during his minority, the administration of his states. The duke had complained of various proceedings of the king of Hanover in that capacity; he had complained still more loudly of count Munster, who, as Hanoverian minister, had borne the principal share in these affairs, and had condescended to challenge the count to fight a duel. Above all, he had refused to recognize certain liberal alterations in the political constitution of Brunswick, which had been introduced by his royal guardian. He complained loudly, too, that the Hanoverian government had protected, and still refused to deliver up, a certain privy councillor, Schmidt Phiseldek, with whom the duke had a quarrel, and whom he wished, therefore, to punish. The king of Hanover applied to the Diet to compel the duke to make satisfaction for the' insults which he had publicly heaped upon his majesty; and the states of the duchy addressed themselves to the Diet, to be maintained in the possession of that better constitution, and those greater and more useful powers, which they had obtained from the hand of the king of Hanover, the legal representative of their prince. duke was willing to recognize the states in their old and inefficient form, with all its accompaniments of patrimonial jurisdictions, exemption from taxes, and other franchises of the privileged classes, every one of which had been abolished, when the new constitution was introduced. The states The refused to except of this ruinous boon, and insisted on the preservation of what had been already so solemnly and beneficially established. They founded their demand on the thirteenth article of the Act of the Confederation,which, as they thought, required, that a formal and actual representation of the people, like that in England and France, should be introduced into all the German states, and which had been already carried into effect, in this sense, in Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, Hesse, and Weimar. It was just because the old constitution, though otherwise good, and one with which the people had been happy under their dukes, was not founded on popular representation, that it had been changed during the duke's minority. The duke would neither satisfy his subjects, nor apologize to the king of Hanover. He maintained that neither his guardian, nor any other power, was entitled to alter or interfere with the constitution of his states, and that he had said and printed of the king of Hanover nothing which his majesty did not deserve. The Courts of Vienna and Berlin interposed their mediation, to prevent the necessity of the Diet pronouncing a formal and public sentence; but the duke would listen to no mediation or reinonstrance; and the Diet gave forth a decree, deciding every part of the cause against him. Having set forth the errors of the duke-that he had obstinately refused to listen to reason, or to the wise and benevolent admonitions of friendly courts, and that his whole conduct had made it imperative upon the Federation, if it would not overlook one of the most important purposes of its constitution, to put an end, promptly and decisively, to these aberrations, the Germanic body decided as follows:* His serene highness the duke of Brunswick is in fault, and is bound, within a term of four weeks, publicly to withdraw the patent of the 10th May, 1827, and to make an appropriate written apology for his conduct, by the medium of a special envoy. Secondly, in consideration of the peculiar circumstances of the challenge of the Hanoverian Cabinet minister, count Munster, by the Brunswick officer, M. Praun, his serene highness the duke of Brunswick will subject the said M. Praun to the necessary examination, and will cause him to be punished according to the laws of his state. Thirdly, the proposition for the delivery of the privy councillor Schmidt Phiseldek, resting upon the treaty of the 16th of November, 1535, and that of the 8th of January, 1798, is wholly inadmissible. Fourthly, and Fifthly, the complaints of Brunswick against Hanover, on account of the prolongation of the minority in the time of the supposed majority of his serene highness, upon the part of his majesty the king, as regent of the duchy during the minority, and on account of the introduction of the new regulations of the 25th of April, 1820, into the duchy of Brunswick, by his royal Hanoverian majesty's government, as regent during the minority, are both alike inadmissible, there being no legal ground for the interference of the Federation. Sixthly, as his majesty the king of Hanover, in the state paper of the royal * See Chronicle, p. 127. Cabinet minister, count Munster, has but exercised the lawful right of self-defence, the demand for a disapproval of that paper, and for recalling the offensive passages supposed to be contained in it, cannot be complied with. Seventhly, as little attention is to be paid to the proposition made upon the part of Brunswick, touching the security of his serene highness the duke; and touching the supposed illegal passage of royal Hanoverian troops through the ducal jurisdiction of Thedinghausen. Eighthly, as this misunderstanding has been the occasion of several opprobrious publications, the members of the Federation have unanimously resolv ed to prohibit, in their respective states, the printing or circulation of all such unofficial controversial writings, without any reference to the number of pages; and also to take care that in the public journals nothing shall be admitted calculated to excite or to recall a quarrel now disposed of according to the laws of the Germanic Federation. Such was the finding of the Diet; but the duke paid no respect to its authority. He did not withdraw his offensive notification; he sent no special envoy to apologize to his Hanoverian Majesty, he took no steps to prosecute and punish M. Praun. CHAP. XI. RUSSIA. Opening of the Campaign between Russia and Turkey The Russian Fleet takes Sizeboli-The Turks are defeated in an attempt to retake it-The Russian Army, under General Diebitsch, crosses the Danube, and marches against Silistria-Skirmishes as it advances-The Russians invest Silistria-The Grand Vizier moves from Shumla to attack General Roth—Battle of Eski-Arnautlar The Russians retire, and the Grand Vizier besieges Pravadi-Count Diebitsch marches from Silistria with part of the besieging Army to support General Roth, and relieve Pravadi-He joins General Roth, and they occupy the Defiles in the rear of the Vizier, without his being aware of it-Battle of Kulertscha―The Vizier forces open the Road to Shumla, and takes up a new position-The_Russians renew the attack, and the Turks take to Flight-The Vizier regains Shumla―The Russians offer to open Negotiations—Silistria surrenders, and the besieging Army joins Count Diebitsch before Shumla-The Russians prepare to cross the Balkan, leaving a Corps to watch Shumla―They effect the Passage of the Kamtschick, and reach the summit of the Mountain, before the Vizier is aware of their Movements-They descend the Southern Side of the Balkan— They take Mesembri, Bourgas, and Aidos, defeating, at the latter, a large body of Turks-They take Karnabut and Sambol, and push their advanced Guards towards Adrianople—The Vizier leaves Shumla by a circuitous route, and reaches Selimno on the Road to Adrianople-The Russians attack the Turks at Selimno, defeat them, and carry the Town-They advance to Adrianople, which capitulates, the Turkish Garrison dispersing-The Fleet takes Vassilico, Agathopolis, and Ainada on the Euxine, and a detachment of the Army occupies Enos on the Mediterranean-Opening of the Campaign in ASIA-The Turks form the Siege of Akhalzik, but are compelled by the Russians to raise it-The Pacha of Trebizond is driven from his Camp-Count Paskewitsch succeeds in crossing the Mountains, to advance on Erzeroum, and defeats the Turks in two separate Actions-Erzeroum surrenders to the Russians-Return of the English and French Ambassadors to ConstantinopleThe Sultan refuses to accept their Mediation on the terms proposed regarding Greece-State of the Capital as the Russians advanceCommissioners sent to Adrianople to treat-A suspension of Hostilities takes place-Peace is concluded between Russia and Turkey— Terms of the Treaty.—PERSIA.-Massacre of the Russian Ambassador and his Suite at Tehran.-GREECE.-Progress of the Greek Army in Western Greece; they take Vonizza, Carvassara, Lepanto, Anatolico, Missolonghi--Protocol of the three Powers regarding the Boundaries and Settlement of Greece-They request from the Greek Government a suspension of Hostilities, which is refusedDissensions among the Military-General Church resigns the Command of the Army-Meeting and Proceedings of the National Assembly-Negotiations at Constantinople for the Settlement of Greece The Sultan, in the Russian Treaty, accedes to the Protocol of the Allies-Conferences at London to carry the Protocol into effect-The three Powers resolve that the Sovereignty reserved to Turkey, by the Protocol and the Russian Treaty, shall be abolished-They fix the Limits of the new Greek State. THE campaign of last year, between the Russians and the Turks, had been honourable both to the conduct and the valour of the Ottomans. They had made good a resistance which Europe had not expected from them; Russia had been compelled to close the campaign, after suffering most grievous losses, by hurrying back her armies to the north bank of the Danube, retaining possession of no place of importance on the Turkish side, except Varna and Pravadi. She opened the campaign of the present year with greater caution; intending, before she should venture her troops deep into the interior, to reduce the strong fortress of Silistria, on the right bank of the Danube, which had defeated and disgraced her arms in the previous campaign. To the bad success, too, of that campaign was probably to be ascribed the change which took place in the command of the invading army. Count Wittgenstein, who had gathered no laurels by his operations, was graciously allowed by the emperor to retire from his burthensome post; and general count Diebitsch was placed at the head of the Russian troops. Every exertion had been made, during the winter, to repair the losses of last year, and to secure victory, so far as it could be secured by numbers and equipment. The first operations of the campaign were performed by the fleet, and took place on the coast of the Euxine. In the end of March, a detachment of the Russian fleet, under admiral Kumany, having taken on board a large body of troops, made a descent on Sizeboli, a Turkish sea-port, situated at the eastern extremity of the gulph of Bourgas, the possession of which increased the means of keeping up with any army, which might march into the interior, those communications on which the safety of such an army would necessarily depend. The place was neither strongly fortified nor garrisoned; the descent was unexpected; and the enterprise succeeded. The Russians made themselves masters of the town, and proceeded to strengthen it by additional works, before the Turks from Bourgas could march to its assistance. Hussein Pacha, however, having collected in the neighbourhood of the latter place about 5000 infantry, and 1500 cavalry, attempted to re-take it. On the 9th of April, he attacked an intrenched hill in the immediate vicinity. The assault was acknowledged by the Russians themselves to be dreadful. Though the guns of their batteries were pouring cannister |