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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418

NOTICE: This volume was produced as part of a project approved by the Governing Board of the National Research
Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy
of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the expert committees were chosen for their special
competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors
according to procedures approved by the NRC and the Report Review Committee.

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars
engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use
for the general welfare. Under the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a
working mandate that calls on it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M.
Alberts is president of the NAS.

The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) was established in 1964, under the charter of the NAS, as a parallel
organization of distinguished engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of members, sharing
with the NAS its responsibilities for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes
the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Leibowitz is president of the NAE.

The Institute of Medicine (IOM) was established in 1970 by the NAS to secure the services of eminent members
of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts
under the responsibility given to the NAS in its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and,
on its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of
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The National Research Council (NRC) was organized by the NAS in 1916 to associate the broad community of
science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principle
operating agency of both the NAS and the NAE in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific
and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the IOM. Dr. Bruce M.
Alberts and Dr. Harold Leibowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the NRC.

This project was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-73219

International Standard Book Number 0-309-05440

Internet Access: This report is available on the National Academy of Sciences' Internet host. It may be accessed via
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Available from: National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Box 285, Washington, D.C. 20055
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Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced
solely for educational purposes without the written permission of the National Academy of Sciences.
Printed in the United States of America

Committee to Evaluate the Science, Engineering, and
Health Basis of the Department of Energy's
Environmental Management Program

Synthesis Subcommittee

JOHN F. AHEARNE, Lecturer in Public Policy, Duke University
ANDREW P. CAPUTO, Attorney, Natural Resources Defense Council
EDWIN H. CLARK II, President, Clean Sites, Inc.

DON CLAY, President, Don Clay Associates, Inc.

DOUGLAS M. COSTLE, Chairman and Distinguished Fellow, Institute for Sustainable Communities

JAMES R. CURTISS, Attorney, Winston & Strawn

FRANK L. PARKER, Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Vanderbilt University

VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL, Senior Consultant on Environmental Issues, Landers & Parsons

JOHN T. WHETTEN, Senior Applications Consultant, Motorola

Staff

Paul Gilman, Project Director

Deborah Stine, Project Coordinator

Patrick Sevcik, Project Assistant

Subcommittee on the Evaluation of Regulatory Measures

DON CLAY (Chair), President, Don Clay Associates, Inc.

ANDREW P. CAPUTO, Attorney, Natural Resources Defense Council

JAMES R. CURTISS, Attorney, Winston & Strawn

MARSHALL E. DRUMMOND, President, Eastern Washington University DANIEL S. MILLER, First Assistant Attorney General, Colorado

Department of Law

BERNARD J. REILLY, Corporate Council, DuPont Legal

MARY RIVELAND, Director, Washington State Department of Ecology

Staff

Ray Wassel, Senior Program Officer

Ruth Danoff, Project Assistant

Subcommittee on Priority-Setting, Timing, and Staging

EDWIN H. CLARK II (Chair), President, Clean Sites, Inc.

HUGH J. CAMPBELL, JR., Environmental Manager, DuPont
MARY R. ENGLISH, Associate Director, Energy, Environment, and
Resources Center, University of Tennessee

DONALD R. GIBSON, Department Manager, Systems Analysis, TRW
Environmental Safety Systems

ROBERT E. HAZEN, Chief, Bureau of Risk Assessment, New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection

THOMAS LESCHINE, Associate Professor, School of Marine Affairs,
University of Washington

ROBERT H. NEILL, Director, Environmental Evaluation Group, New
Mexico

LYNNE M. PRESLO, Senior Vice President, Technical Programs, Earth
Tech

ANNE E. SMITH, Principal and Vice President, Decision Focus, Inc. MERVYN L. TANO, General Counsel, Council of Energy Resource Tribes

Staff

Robert Andrews, Senior Program Officer

Patricia Jones, Project Assistant

Subcommittee on Utilization of Science, Engineering, and Technology

FRANK L. PARKER (Chair), Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Vanderbilt University

JOHN F. AHEARNE, Lecturer in Public Policy, Duke University CHARLES B. ANDREWS, Vice President, S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc. EDGAR BERKEY, President, National Environmental Technology

Applications Center, University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center HAROLD K. FORSEN, Senior Vice President (retired), Bechtel Hanford, Inc. WALTER W. KOVALICK, Director, Technology Innovation Office, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

MICHAEL L. MASTRACCI, Director, Innovative Technology Programs,
TECHMATICS, Inc.

PHILIP A. PALMER, Senior Environmental Fellow, DuPont Specialty
Chemicals, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company

REBECCA T. PARKIN, Director of Scientific, Professional, and Section
Affairs, American Public Health Administration

ALFRED SCHNEIDER, Professor of Nuclear Engineering (retired),
Georgia Institute of Technology

CHRISTINE A. SHOEMAKER, Professor, School of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Cornell University

C. HERB WARD, Foyt Family Chair of Engineering and Director, Energy and Environmental Systems Institute, Rice University

JOHN T. WHETTEN, Senior Applications Consultant, Motorola

RAYMOND G. WYMER, Consultant, Chemical Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Staff

Stephen Parker, Associate Executive Director, CGER

Karyanil Thomas, Senior Program Officer

Anita Hall, Administrative Assistant

Subcommittee on Integration of Science, Engineering, and
Health in Program Implementation

VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL (Chair), Senior Consultant on Environmental Issues, Landers & Parsons

BETSY ANCKER-JOHNSON, Vice President of Environmental Activities (retired), General Motors Corporation

PHILIP H. BRODSKY, Director, Corporate Research and Environmental Technology, Monsanto Company

DAVID S.C. CHU, Director, Washington Research Department, RAND BENJAMIN COSGROVE, Senior Vice President (retired), Boeing

Commercial Airplane Group

BRIAN COSTNER, Director, Energy Research Foundation

ROBERT C. FORNEY, Executive Vice President (retired), E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company

JAMES H. JOHNSON, JR., Professor and Acting Dean, School of

Engineering, Howard University

MILDRED MCCLAIN, Executive Director, Citizens for Environmental Justice

BERNICE K. MCINTYRE, President, B.K.McIntyre & Associates, Inc. MAXINE L. SAVITZ, General Manager, Ceramic Components, Allied Signal Aerospace Company

Staff

Tamae Maeda Wong, Senior Program Officer

Oversight Commission for

the Evaluation of the Science, Engineering, and Health Basis of the Department of Energy's Environmental Management Program

GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chairman and Professor, Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia

TREVOR O. JONES, Chairman of the Board, Libby-Owens-Ford Company DANIEL L. MCFADDEN, Professor, Department of Economics, University of California at Berkeley

EMIL A. PFITZER, President, Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc.

CHRIS G. WHIPPLE, Vice President, ICF Kaiser

Staff

E. William Colglazier, Executive Officer

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