NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS 2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418 NOTICE: This volume was produced as part of a project approved by the Governing Board of the National Research The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars The National Academy of Engineering (NAE) was established in 1964, under the charter of the NAS, as a parallel The Institute of Medicine (IOM) was established in 1970 by the NAS to secure the services of eminent members The National Research Council (NRC) was organized by the NAS in 1916 to associate the broad community of This project was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-73219 International Standard Book Number 0-309-05440 Internet Access: This report is available on the National Academy of Sciences' Internet host. It may be accessed via Available from: National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Box 285, Washington, D.C. 20055 Copyright 1995 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. This document may be reproduced Committee to Evaluate the Science, Engineering, and Synthesis Subcommittee JOHN F. AHEARNE, Lecturer in Public Policy, Duke University DON CLAY, President, Don Clay Associates, Inc. DOUGLAS M. COSTLE, Chairman and Distinguished Fellow, Institute for Sustainable Communities JAMES R. CURTISS, Attorney, Winston & Strawn FRANK L. PARKER, Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Vanderbilt University VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL, Senior Consultant on Environmental Issues, Landers & Parsons JOHN T. WHETTEN, Senior Applications Consultant, Motorola Staff Paul Gilman, Project Director Deborah Stine, Project Coordinator Patrick Sevcik, Project Assistant Subcommittee on the Evaluation of Regulatory Measures DON CLAY (Chair), President, Don Clay Associates, Inc. ANDREW P. CAPUTO, Attorney, Natural Resources Defense Council JAMES R. CURTISS, Attorney, Winston & Strawn MARSHALL E. DRUMMOND, President, Eastern Washington University DANIEL S. MILLER, First Assistant Attorney General, Colorado Department of Law BERNARD J. REILLY, Corporate Council, DuPont Legal MARY RIVELAND, Director, Washington State Department of Ecology Staff Ray Wassel, Senior Program Officer Ruth Danoff, Project Assistant Subcommittee on Priority-Setting, Timing, and Staging EDWIN H. CLARK II (Chair), President, Clean Sites, Inc. HUGH J. CAMPBELL, JR., Environmental Manager, DuPont DONALD R. GIBSON, Department Manager, Systems Analysis, TRW ROBERT E. HAZEN, Chief, Bureau of Risk Assessment, New Jersey THOMAS LESCHINE, Associate Professor, School of Marine Affairs, ROBERT H. NEILL, Director, Environmental Evaluation Group, New LYNNE M. PRESLO, Senior Vice President, Technical Programs, Earth ANNE E. SMITH, Principal and Vice President, Decision Focus, Inc. MERVYN L. TANO, General Counsel, Council of Energy Resource Tribes Staff Robert Andrews, Senior Program Officer Patricia Jones, Project Assistant Subcommittee on Utilization of Science, Engineering, and Technology FRANK L. PARKER (Chair), Distinguished Professor of Environmental and Water Resources Engineering, Vanderbilt University JOHN F. AHEARNE, Lecturer in Public Policy, Duke University CHARLES B. ANDREWS, Vice President, S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc. EDGAR BERKEY, President, National Environmental Technology Applications Center, University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center HAROLD K. FORSEN, Senior Vice President (retired), Bechtel Hanford, Inc. WALTER W. KOVALICK, Director, Technology Innovation Office, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MICHAEL L. MASTRACCI, Director, Innovative Technology Programs, PHILIP A. PALMER, Senior Environmental Fellow, DuPont Specialty REBECCA T. PARKIN, Director of Scientific, Professional, and Section ALFRED SCHNEIDER, Professor of Nuclear Engineering (retired), CHRISTINE A. SHOEMAKER, Professor, School of Civil and C. HERB WARD, Foyt Family Chair of Engineering and Director, Energy and Environmental Systems Institute, Rice University JOHN T. WHETTEN, Senior Applications Consultant, Motorola RAYMOND G. WYMER, Consultant, Chemical Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Staff Stephen Parker, Associate Executive Director, CGER Karyanil Thomas, Senior Program Officer Anita Hall, Administrative Assistant Subcommittee on Integration of Science, Engineering, and VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL (Chair), Senior Consultant on Environmental Issues, Landers & Parsons BETSY ANCKER-JOHNSON, Vice President of Environmental Activities (retired), General Motors Corporation PHILIP H. BRODSKY, Director, Corporate Research and Environmental Technology, Monsanto Company DAVID S.C. CHU, Director, Washington Research Department, RAND BENJAMIN COSGROVE, Senior Vice President (retired), Boeing Commercial Airplane Group BRIAN COSTNER, Director, Energy Research Foundation ROBERT C. FORNEY, Executive Vice President (retired), E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company JAMES H. JOHNSON, JR., Professor and Acting Dean, School of Engineering, Howard University MILDRED MCCLAIN, Executive Director, Citizens for Environmental Justice BERNICE K. MCINTYRE, President, B.K.McIntyre & Associates, Inc. MAXINE L. SAVITZ, General Manager, Ceramic Components, Allied Signal Aerospace Company Staff Tamae Maeda Wong, Senior Program Officer Oversight Commission for the Evaluation of the Science, Engineering, and Health Basis of the Department of Energy's Environmental Management Program GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chairman and Professor, Department of Environmental Science, University of Virginia TREVOR O. JONES, Chairman of the Board, Libby-Owens-Ford Company DANIEL L. MCFADDEN, Professor, Department of Economics, University of California at Berkeley EMIL A. PFITZER, President, Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. CHRIS G. WHIPPLE, Vice President, ICF Kaiser Staff E. William Colglazier, Executive Officer |