and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: But the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart ments. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Vacancies in office. SECTION III. powers and President. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Further information of the state of the Union, and recom- duties of the mend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. ment. The President, Vice-President and all civil officers Impeachof the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanours. ARTICLE III. Judiciary, SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States, shall be and tenure of vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Judges. courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Powers of the Judicia ry. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court. SECTION II. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and the treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases— affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;-to controversies to which the United States shall be a party;-to controversies between two or more States;-between a State and citizens of another State;-between citizens of different States,between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before-mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall make. jury, held. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- Trials by ment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been com- And where mitted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. Treason against the United States, shall consist Treason. only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. tion of blood. The Congress shall have power to declare the No corrup punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SECTION I. States ac Full faith and credit shall be given in each State Acts of to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings credited. of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION. II. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all Privileges of citizenship. privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Fugitives from crimes A person charged in any State with treason, felony, to be deliver or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be ed up. Fugitive slaves to be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labour in one State delivered up. under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. SECTION III. New States. Territory & other property of U. S. Claims. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislature of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Republican form of SECTION IV. The United States shall guaranty to every State in government. this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when Protection of states. the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. ments of tution. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses Amendshall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constithis constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. ARTICLE VI. mer govern. nised. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, Debts of forbefore the adoption of this constitution, shall be as ment recog. valid against the United States under this constitution, as under the confederation. stitutes the supreme law. This constitution, and the laws of the United States What conwhich shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme |